1. Chapter 9 DNA: The Genetic Material Read 192-198 Demo model (student race) Lab Activity from Binder DNA and RNA Crossword puzzle

2. DNA/RNA Vocabulary (53-62) 53. anticodon 54. codon 55. base sequence 56. genetic code 57. RNA polymerase 58. transcription 59. translation 60. restriction enzyme 61. DNA replication 62. ribosomal RNA

3. I. Introduction Heredity- The transmission of traits from one generation to the next Genetics- The study of heredity, usually at the molecular level. Heredity occurs in the form of DNA which is coiled into chromosomes. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell. These chromosomes are located in the nucleus of each cell.

4. DNA coiled into a chromosome

5. II. HISTORY Chromosomes have been observed microscopically since 1850. Chromosomes are composed of protein and nucleic acid. The structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson (American) and Francis Crick (British) –Proposed in 1953 the model of DNA as a “DOUBLE HELIX” –Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1962 for their discoveries

6. III. DNA A. DNA Structure Nucleotide- Repeating unit of DNA Has 3 parts: Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and base

7. Draw and label the structure of DNA What holds the 2 halves of the ladder together?

8. A. Processes Involving DNA 1.Replication - See handout in binder DNA  DNA Each new DNA produced has ½ from the original strand and ½ that is newly built (semi- conservative). DNA always stays in the nucleus. DNA helicase unzips the original DNA during replication (breaks hydrogen bonds). DNA polymerase forms the new halves of DNA and proofread them for errors. This process occurs once in a cell’s lifetime.

14. 2.Transcription- See handout in binder DNA code is used as a template to produce RNA DNA  RNA (single strand) Only ½ of the DNA is used as a template. This is called the sense strand. The other is the non-sense strand. RNA polymerase builds the strand of RNA. RNA produced leaves the nucleus to enter the cytoplasm. 3 types of RNA are produced: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)

18. IV. Contrasting DNA and RNA DNA 2 strands Deoxyribose sugar Remains in Nucleus Bases –ATCG –A-T G-C RNA 1 strand Ribose sugar Exits nucleus Bases –AUGC A-U G-C Chargraff’s Ratio: #C = #G #A = #T

19. 3 Types of RNA 1.mRNA (messenger)- carries the DNA’s instructions for making proteins out of the nucleus to the site of translation (cytoplasm) Every 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon. Each codon codes for an amino acid. –See codon table

20. 2.tRNA (transfer)- carries a specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other end. The anticodon complements the codon on mRNA. Draw the tRNA structure: 3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Along with protein, this makes up the structure of a ribosome.

21. How Proteins are made (read 205-212) Translation (protein synthesis) 1. Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. 2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome. 3. At the start codon (AUG), a tRNA brings the amino acid into position. When tRNA brings each new AA, it bonds with the adjacent AA by a peptide bond.

22. 4. After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA leaves. 5. This process continues until the STOP codon is reached. 6. The new protein is released.

23. Draw the translation process

27. PROTEINS HAVE DEFINITE SHAPES. IF THE SHAPES CHANGE, THEY WON’T FUNCTION PROPERLY

28. DNA code TGA ______________ _______________ mRNA codon _____________ UCU_______________ tRNA anticodon _____________ _______________________________ Amino acid ____________ ______________ tryptophan

29. DNA code CAT ______________ _______________ mRNA codon _____________ GUU_______________ tRNA anticodon _____________ _______________________________ Amino acid ____________ ______________ methionine

32. After 4 replications of a DNA molecule, what percentage of the resulting DNA molecules contain at least 1 strand of the original DNA?

33. CP Biology Article Presentation 4-5 minute summary of article summary DO NOT READ FROM THE SUMMARY – you can use note cards if you want You need at least one visual that will help illustrate points that you are making in your presentation – posters, powerpoints (4-6 slides….Be creative!) If you do not do this correctly, you will have to redo this in front of the class…do it right the first time! Do the week of January 23 rd - volunteers first Dress appropriately for giving a presentation

34. TEST FRIDAY – Test Topics Notes on DNA/RNA Vocab 62-71 Reading 192-198, 205-212 Semi Conservative Replication, Transcription and Translation – Handouts in Binder that we colored… DNA/RNA Lab Crossword, Text Questions 200,220

35. NOTEBOOK CONTENTS 2 nd Quarter Notebook Check Cover Sheet Assignment Sheet Grade Sheet w/ Vocabulary 22 (primary prod.) - 69 (microvilli) Notes Systems Life Processes (Digestive System pg 83-85) Daily Work –Too hot Not to Handle –Ecosystems WS –CH 18 WS pg 57 –CH 19 WS Human Impact –Ch 2 Chem of Life –Biochem Crossword –Enzyme WS Labs –Pred/Prey Lab -Beano Lab –Enzyme Computer Lab –Bat Graph Tot. Pts%Grade THIS IS 10% OF YOUR QUARTER GRADE!!!