1. Chapter 8 – Crime and Criminal Law Unit 3 – Criminal Law Crime Scene Investigation

2. Learning Goal for Today By the end of the lesson(s), students will be able to discuss police investigative and evidence gathering techniques By the end of the lesson(s), students will be able to discuss police investigative and evidence gathering techniques

3. Expectations Expectations By the end of this lesson, students will: By the end of this lesson, students will: …explain the processes of police investigation, arrest, search, and interrogation of suspects

4. Agenda Crime Scene Investigation Crime Scene Investigation Fingerprints Fingerprints Trace Elements Trace Elements Gunshot Residue Gunshot Residue DNA DNA

5. Introduction Chain of events from crime to trial is subject to the laws of criminal procedure Chain of events from crime to trial is subject to the laws of criminal procedure Laws balance two sometimes conflicting objectives: to discover the truth about a criminal event and to protect civil liberties Laws balance two sometimes conflicting objectives: to discover the truth about a criminal event and to protect civil liberties Rules of criminal procedure mark the boundary between legitimate police investigative practices and a person’s right to liberty, privacy and personal security Rules of criminal procedure mark the boundary between legitimate police investigative practices and a person’s right to liberty, privacy and personal security

6. Introduction (Cont’d) Reflect the belief that state power should be limited Reflect the belief that state power should be limited That the rule of law applies as much to police as to people accused of crimes That the rule of law applies as much to police as to people accused of crimes That the ends do not always justify the means That the ends do not always justify the means Charter of Rights and Freedoms confirms our commitment to fair process making criminal procedure a matter of constitutional law Charter of Rights and Freedoms confirms our commitment to fair process making criminal procedure a matter of constitutional law

7. Crime Scene Investigation Investigation and evidence collection and securing of evidence huge responsibility Investigation and evidence collection and securing of evidence huge responsibility Lapses can derail a trial or result in a miscarriage of justice Lapses can derail a trial or result in a miscarriage of justice Crime scene is a rich source of evidence Crime scene is a rich source of evidence Crime scene has boundaries Crime scene has boundaries Accidental contamination is an concern Accidental contamination is an concern

8. Crime Scene Protect the area from accidental or intentional contamination by anyone, including police officers and other official personnel Protect the area from accidental or intentional contamination by anyone, including police officers and other official personnel s.129 of the Code, obstructing a police officer in the lawful execution of his/her duties; gives police authority to cordon off and refuse entry to a crime scene s.129 of the Code, obstructing a police officer in the lawful execution of his/her duties; gives police authority to cordon off and refuse entry to a crime scene

9. Crime Scene Investigation Officer in charge of investigation determines when crime scene may be safely returned to public access Officer in charge of investigation determines when crime scene may be safely returned to public access

10. Crime Scene Investigation Security of the scene falls under the coroner’s authority in the following cases: Security of the scene falls under the coroner’s authority in the following cases: Sudden or unexpected deaths Sudden or unexpected deaths Deaths of person in custody Deaths of person in custody Deaths occurring in institutions, aged Deaths occurring in institutions, aged Deaths from violence Deaths from violence Suicides Suicides Deaths occurring in a suspicious, unusual, or unnatural manner Deaths occurring in a suspicious, unusual, or unnatural manner

11. Crime Scene Investigation Police officers may seize anything relevant to the investigation at the crime scene and to maintain the security of the scene until it is ordered released by the coroner following the post mortem examination Police officers may seize anything relevant to the investigation at the crime scene and to maintain the security of the scene until it is ordered released by the coroner following the post mortem examination

12. Processing the Crime Scene Focus of police investigation is the collection of physical evidence Focus of police investigation is the collection of physical evidence CSI (“Crime Scene Investigation”) carried out by a mobile crime lab CSI (“Crime Scene Investigation”) carried out by a mobile crime lab Police prepare a description of what they find Police prepare a description of what they find Police photograph a scene Police photograph a scene Police prepare diagrams of sketches Police prepare diagrams of sketches Police collect evidence Police collect evidence

13. Crime Scene Procedure Important to safeguard the continuity of evidence: Important to safeguard the continuity of evidence: No exhibit is left unattended from the time of its seizure until it is deposited in the police property – stage facility No exhibit is left unattended from the time of its seizure until it is deposited in the police property – stage facility The officer who seized the item, or the case officer, must secure the evidence in the police property locker, which is under the control of the property clerk The officer who seized the item, or the case officer, must secure the evidence in the police property locker, which is under the control of the property clerk

14. Crime Scene Procedure The transfer of any evidence to the forensic laboratory is the responsibility of the case officer and/or his or her designate The transfer of any evidence to the forensic laboratory is the responsibility of the case officer and/or his or her designate The transfer of evidence to and from court is the responsibility of the case officer The transfer of evidence to and from court is the responsibility of the case officer No exhibit can be removed from the control of the property clerk without the appropriate authority and signature No exhibit can be removed from the control of the property clerk without the appropriate authority and signature The case officer is the officer in charge of the investigation The case officer is the officer in charge of the investigation

15. Processing Physical Evidence Forensic scientists job is to put the evidence together correctly like the pieces of a puzzle Forensic scientists job is to put the evidence together correctly like the pieces of a puzzle Analysis of the evidence may involve biology, chemistry, physics, anthropology, geology, and computer science Analysis of the evidence may involve biology, chemistry, physics, anthropology, geology, and computer science Often called on to give expert testimony in court Often called on to give expert testimony in court

16. Humour Break

17. Some Pictures Made with Fingerprints

18. Fingerprints Along with DNA, fingerprints are considered by many to be the best way to identify a suspect Along with DNA, fingerprints are considered by many to be the best way to identify a suspect Fingerprints never change and are unique to each person Fingerprints never change and are unique to each person Fingerprint patterns can be identified as one of three types: Fingerprint patterns can be identified as one of three types:

19. Fingerprints 1. Arches, forming ridges that run from one side of the print to the other and curve up the middle 1. Arches, forming ridges that run from one side of the print to the other and curve up the middle 2. Loops, showing stronger curves than arches with ends that start on one side of the finger, loop around, and end up in the same place 2. Loops, showing stronger curves than arches with ends that start on one side of the finger, loop around, and end up in the same place 3. Whorls, forming complete ovals, often in a spiral pattern around a central point 3. Whorls, forming complete ovals, often in a spiral pattern around a central point

20. Fingerprint Patterns

21. Latent Fingerprints Created when a person’s fingers come into contact with an object such a piece of glass or of plastic Created when a person’s fingers come into contact with an object such a piece of glass or of plastic Created by a residue of oil and perspiration from the fingertip Created by a residue of oil and perspiration from the fingertip Usually invisible and requires the application of chemicals or laser light Usually invisible and requires the application of chemicals or laser light

22. Visible Impressions or Fingerprints Result of a finger’s contact where blood, dust or grease has been previously deposited Result of a finger’s contact where blood, dust or grease has been previously deposited

23. Fingerprints Moulded fingerprints: Moulded fingerprints: Leaves a visible impression in a soft substance such as clay, wax or putty Leaves a visible impression in a soft substance such as clay, wax or putty

24. Fingerprints Processing Fingerprints taken from crime scene are sent to a central repository administered by the RCMP in Ottawa Fingerprints taken from crime scene are sent to a central repository administered by the RCMP in Ottawa If the quality of the fingerprint is adequate (20% of a print) and the individual’s prints are on file as a result of previous arrest or conviction the individual’s identity can be determined through comparison If the quality of the fingerprint is adequate (20% of a print) and the individual’s prints are on file as a result of previous arrest or conviction the individual’s identity can be determined through comparison

25. Fingerprints Processing Characteristics of each print are examined by experts Characteristics of each print are examined by experts When there are a sufficient number of characteristics thought to be identical (usually 10 to 12 points of comparison) an expert may form the opinion that the print submitted is that of the individual whose prints are on file When there are a sufficient number of characteristics thought to be identical (usually 10 to 12 points of comparison) an expert may form the opinion that the print submitted is that of the individual whose prints are on file

26. Henry System of Fingerprint Classification

27. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae Identification by fingerprints relies on pattern matching followed by the detection of certain ridge characteristics, also so known as Galton details, points of identity, or minutiae, and the comparison of the relative positions of these minutiae points with a reference print, usually an inked impression of a suspect's print. There are three basic ridge characteristics, the ridge ending, the bifurcation and the dot (or island). Identification by fingerprints relies on pattern matching followed by the detection of certain ridge characteristics, also so known as Galton details, points of identity, or minutiae, and the comparison of the relative positions of these minutiae points with a reference print, usually an inked impression of a suspect's print. There are three basic ridge characteristics, the ridge ending, the bifurcation and the dot (or island). Source: shs.westport.k12.ct.us/…/handout Source: shs.westport.k12.ct.us/…/handout

28. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae Identification points consist of bifurcations, ending ridges, dots, ridges and islands. A single rolled fingerprint may have as many as 100 or more identification points that can be used for identification purposes. There is no exact size requirement as the number of points found on a fingerprint impression depend on the location of the print. As an example the area immediately surrounding a delta will probably contain more points per square millimetre than the area near the tip of the finger which tends to not have that many points. Identification points consist of bifurcations, ending ridges, dots, ridges and islands. A single rolled fingerprint may have as many as 100 or more identification points that can be used for identification purposes. There is no exact size requirement as the number of points found on a fingerprint impression depend on the location of the print. As an example the area immediately surrounding a delta will probably contain more points per square millimetre than the area near the tip of the finger which tends to not have that many points.

29. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae

30. Dot Dot Island Island

31. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae Birfurcation Birfurcation

32. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae Ending ridge Ending ridge

33. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae Image 1 Image 2

34. Galton Details, Points of Identity or Minutiae In image 1 we see part of a fully rolled fingerprint. Notice that the edges are cut-off so you can safely assume that this is not a fully rolled impression. If you take a look at image 2 you can see that the centre portion of this impression has been sectioned out and 10 points of identification have been labelled. That was not all the points found but simply the ones that could be mapped easily without cluttering up the image. In image 1 we see part of a fully rolled fingerprint. Notice that the edges are cut-off so you can safely assume that this is not a fully rolled impression. If you take a look at image 2 you can see that the centre portion of this impression has been sectioned out and 10 points of identification have been labelled. That was not all the points found but simply the ones that could be mapped easily without cluttering up the image.

35. Primary Classification Activity

36. Fingerprint Activity You are all going to take your fingerprints (I will give verbal instructions) You are all going to take your fingerprints (I will give verbal instructions) After we take them, we will use the Henry System of Classification to get your fingerprint “number” After we take them, we will use the Henry System of Classification to get your fingerprint “number” We will also see if there are any identical numbers in the class We will also see if there are any identical numbers in the class

37. Trace Elements Includes dirt, dust, fibres and residue Includes dirt, dust, fibres and residue Origin of these materials may provide a link between a suspect and a crime Origin of these materials may provide a link between a suspect and a crime Material at an arson scene may produce trace elements of an accelerant used to start or maintain a fire Material at an arson scene may produce trace elements of an accelerant used to start or maintain a fire

38. Trace Elements Further examination may uncover the specific chemical composition of the fluid, thus linking it to a suspect who possesses the same material Further examination may uncover the specific chemical composition of the fluid, thus linking it to a suspect who possesses the same material Transfer of trace elements such as hair and fibres between the perpetrator and the victim is common in crimes such as homicides, aggravated assault and kidnapping Transfer of trace elements such as hair and fibres between the perpetrator and the victim is common in crimes such as homicides, aggravated assault and kidnapping

39. Hair If the sample contains the root, shaft and tip, it may reveal: If the sample contains the root, shaft and tip, it may reveal: a person’s racial background a person’s racial background the area of the body from which the hair originated the area of the body from which the hair originated the person’s blood type the person’s blood type

40. Fibres Examination may determine their point of origin or manufacturer Examination may determine their point of origin or manufacturer Matching the fibres found on the sole of the shoe of a victim with the accuser’s residences Matching the fibres found on the sole of the shoe of a victim with the accuser’s residences

41. Blood In impaired-driving offences, blood evidence is paramount In impaired-driving offences, blood evidence is paramount Also relevant in cases where a suspect’s mens rea is in issue as a result of intoxicating substances Also relevant in cases where a suspect’s mens rea is in issue as a result of intoxicating substances Blood is a fluid that conforms to the laws governing the motion and properties of other fluids Blood is a fluid that conforms to the laws governing the motion and properties of other fluids

42. Blood Study the size and shape of blood drops on a floor can indicate the height from which they fell and thus the location of the wound Study the size and shape of blood drops on a floor can indicate the height from which they fell and thus the location of the wound Shape may indicate movement; a person in motion while bleeding produces a tear- shape drop, with the narrow end indicating the direction of travel and the rounded end pointing towards the bleeder Shape may indicate movement; a person in motion while bleeding produces a tear- shape drop, with the narrow end indicating the direction of travel and the rounded end pointing towards the bleeder

43. Blood Blood splatter patterns on the wall may indicate the force and direction of a blow and indicate how far the victim was from the wall when the wound was inflicted Blood splatter patterns on the wall may indicate the force and direction of a blow and indicate how far the victim was from the wall when the wound was inflicted

44. Gunshot Residue Includes: Includes: Gases Gases Unburned or partially burned power grains Unburned or partially burned power grains Carbon particles Carbon particles Trace of the bullet lubricant Trace of the bullet lubricant Traces of primer components (lead, barium, nitrates) Traces of primer components (lead, barium, nitrates) Fragments of soft bullets (lead antimony) Fragments of soft bullets (lead antimony) Fragments of the bullet jacket Fragments of the bullet jacket Metal traces for the cartridge case or gun barrel Metal traces for the cartridge case or gun barrel

45. Gunshot Residue These trace elements are deposited on the hands of the person discharging the gun These trace elements are deposited on the hands of the person discharging the gun Under circumstances, detectable and identifiable Under circumstances, detectable and identifiable

46. Gunshot Residue – Hand Wash Test Requires the suspect to wash his or her hands in a chemical solution Requires the suspect to wash his or her hands in a chemical solution Solution is then sent to the laboratory for analysis Solution is then sent to the laboratory for analysis Test can detect elevated levels of lead, barium, and antimony Test can detect elevated levels of lead, barium, and antimony May indicate that the suspect has fired a gun recently May indicate that the suspect has fired a gun recently

47. Gunshot Residue GSR test cannot determine the time at which the suspect may have fired the gun GSR test cannot determine the time at which the suspect may have fired the gun It is less effective when the time between firing the fun and taking the hand wash exceeds four hours It is less effective when the time between firing the fun and taking the hand wash exceeds four hours

48. Gunshot Residue – Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM Provides results that appear to be more accurate and consistent than the hand wash test Provides results that appear to be more accurate and consistent than the hand wash test Special utensil containing a gummed substance is held against the skin and them removed Special utensil containing a gummed substance is held against the skin and them removed GSR adheres to the gummed substance, which is then prepared for examination by the scanning electron microscope GSR adheres to the gummed substance, which is then prepared for examination by the scanning electron microscope

49. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid All human beings have a distinctive genetic code within their 46 chromosomes All human beings have a distinctive genetic code within their 46 chromosomes Identification of an individual through his or her distinctive genetic code Identification of an individual through his or her distinctive genetic code

50. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Minute samples of: Minute samples of: Blood including a blood stain Blood including a blood stain Semen Semen Saliva Saliva Vaginal secretions Vaginal secretions Skin Skin Hair follicles Hair follicles Can be used… Can be used…

51. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Are sufficient to produce reliable results even when the sample combines two or more substances Are sufficient to produce reliable results even when the sample combines two or more substances This contamination does not affect the reliability of the test This contamination does not affect the reliability of the test Properly analyzed, it can identify an individual with a certainty exceeding one in several billion Properly analyzed, it can identify an individual with a certainty exceeding one in several billion Has also been used to rule out suspects, or to overturn wrongful convictions Has also been used to rule out suspects, or to overturn wrongful convictions

52. Humour Break