1. Greece

2. I. Geography ▫A. Located in what is today southeastern Europe ▫B. Mountainous and rugged terrain ▫C. Surrounded by bodies of water: Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea ▫D. Greeks referred to their land as Hellas and to themselves as Hellenes

3. II. History ▫A. First established Greek city-states also known as the polis. Examples include Athens and Sparta among many others. ▫B. The polis consisted of the town, houses, the acropolis (a fortified hilltop), and the agora –a type of marketplace, but also a center for public discussions, often times about government. ▫C. City-states had different forms of government, but the most influential was a direct democracy.

4. ▫D. Classical Greece peaked about 500 BC. Athens became the model for other city- states. ▫E. During the Classical Period, city-states went to war with each other and went to war with the Persians. ▫F. During the Classical Period, although Greece was at war most of the time, politics, philosophy, and the arts flourished.

5. III. Examples of forms of government in city-states ▫A. Monarchy: rule by one ▫B. Aristocracy: ruled by the nobility ▫C. Oligarchy: rule by a few ▫D. Democracy: rule by the people (direct or representative/republican)

6. IV. Citizens vs. Non-citizens ▫A. Citizens: adult males (depending on the city-state, to be considered a citizen you had to serve time in the military). ▫B. Non-citizens: slaves, former slaves, serfs, and women. ▫C. Citizens had rights that non-citizens could never have.

7. IV. Classical Period A. After the Persian Wars, Athens begins Golden Age & leads city-states. B. Pericles leads Athens – direct democracy, strong navy/trade, wealth used for art/buildings.

8. C. Culture ▫1. Art  a. Order, balance, proportion  b. As classical period developed, sculpture became more lifelike.  c. Emphasized beauty of human body.  d. Many statues of gods (religious themes). ▫2. Drama  a. Tragedy & comedy. Festivals  b. Wore masks. Chorus. Thespis: 1 st individual role.  c. Aeschylus, Sophocles…

9. ▫3. Architecture  a. Order, balance & proportion – Golden Mean  b. Parthenon – built by Pericles.  c. Columns, sculptures  d. Many buildings in Washington, DC emulate Greek style ▫4. Philosophy  a. Sophists: “wise men;” people decide truth  b. Philosophers: “lovers of wisdom;” truth is absolute.  c. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

10. V. Hellenistic Age A. Transition from Classical Period ▫1. Athens oversteps. Other city-states, led by Sparta, defeat Athens in the Peloponnesian War. ▫2. Greece is left weak. ▫3. Philip of Macedonia steps in and takes over. Plans to conquer Persia, but is murdered.

11. ▫4. Alexander the Great takes over.  a. Conquers Egypt, Babylon, & Persia… to India. Lots of cities named for self. b. Dies at 33 with no heir. Generals divide lands. c. Conquests mean end of independent city- states and blending of Greek/eastern cultures into Hellenistic Age.

12. B. Advances in trade, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and art. ▫1. Alexandria, Egypt, becomes the new center of science & culture (until Rome conquers in 150 BC). ▫2. Library & museum

13. ▫3. Astronomy/science  a. Eratosthenes: earth’s diameter  b. Aristarchus: Sun larger than earth; other planets revolve around sun  c. Hipparchus: latitude & longitude

14. ▫4. Mathematics  a. Euclid & Pythagoras: geometry  b. Archimedes  i. Mechanics/inventions: use of lever, Archimedes screw  ii. Volume by water displacement (Eureka!)  c. Pythagoras  i. Numbers for more than counting; formulas can find patterns in chaos  ii. Scientific theory based on his work  iii. A 2 + B 2 = C 2

15. 5. Philosophy  a. Epicurus: epicureanism. Seek happiness through intellect.  b. Zeno: stoicism. Deal with it. (Romans LOVE this.)  c. Diogenes: cynicism. What’s the ulterior motive? ▫6. Art: more lifelike; still beautiful.