1. 27 November 20151 Light Radio-isotopes Nuclear Astrophysics, Neutrino Physics and Fundamental Interactions O. Aviv 1, D. Berkovits 2, M. Hass 1, O. Heber 1, T. Hirsh 1,2, V. Kumar 2, M. Lewitowicz 3, F. de-Oliveira 3, G. Ron 4, S. Vaintraub 1,2 1.The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, ISRAEL 2.Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, ISRAEL 3.GANIL, Caen, FRANCE 4.LBL, Berkeley, USA

2. 27 November 20152 Or A glance at current Experimental Nuclear Physics at the Weizmann Institute  Nuclear Structure Far-From-Stability – Radioactive Beams  Nuclear Astrophysics  Fundamental Interactions

3. 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15

4. 27 November 20154 Secondary neutrons + fission BUT Also light RIB ’ s

5. 14 UD Pelletron Accelerator at the WI 27 November 20155 “20 th Century”

6. 27 November 20156 ECR Ion Source, RFQ and 1 st cryo-module in situ “21 st Century” The SARAF accelerator at Soreq, Israel. Summer 2009 Final Commissioning of Phase –I Nov. 2009 – 1 mA p @ 3.5 MeV

7. 27 November 20157  Two-stage production scheme Also with a 14 MeV d+t “neutron generator” at the WI

8. 8 6 He and 8 Li beams in WIS  ~10 10 n/sec 14.1 MeV  WIS d-t NG  Heated Porous BeO or B 4 C target  Extraction by diffusion  Ionization  ~6 ∙ 10 7 6 He/s ~2 ∙ 10 7 8 Li/s  High efficiency  Efficiency ?

9. 27 November 20159 6 He production (n,  ) cross section Production yield of the order of 5∙10 12 6 He per 1 mA d@40 MeV Remember also 11 B(n,  ) 8 Li

10. 10 SARAF/SPIRAL2 d-Li neutron flux is more suitable for 6 He production than 8 Li 6 He vs. 8 Li Production using SARAF/SPIRAL2 40 MeV d on Lithium neutrons 9 Be(n,α) 6 He 6 He  β - t 0.5 = 807 ms 8 Li  β - t 0.5 = 838 ms 11 B(n,α) 8 Li

11. 11  Extraction of RIB  ISOLDE Exp. T. Stora at al. 17.4.2009  BeO  BN

12. 27 November 201512  Preliminary results of ISOLDE BeO run – April 2009  See talk by Thierry Stora – this WORKSHOP

13. 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 מיכאל הס - מפגשים בחזית המדע 2009  Fusion Reactions in the Sun:  The main p-p chain  WI

14. 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 מיכאל הס - מפגשים בחזית המדע 2009 Theory vs. Experiment for the 3 solar-neutrino experiments     Cl   Ar + e -  E  > 0.81 MeV     Ga   Ge + e -  E  > 0.23 MeV  SNU

15. 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 מיכאל הס - מפגשים בחזית המדע 2009 The SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) Experiment  A D 2 O Detector  Neutral currents vs Charge Currents

16. 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 1527 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 27 נובמבר 15 מיכאל הס - מפגשים בחזית המדע 2009  The “Standard Model” of Particle Physics

17. 27 November 201517 The  -beam Concept Production of an intense collimated neutrino (anti neutrino) beam directed at neutrino detectors via  decay of accelerated radioactive ions Decay Ring ISOL target & Ion source SPL Cyclotrons Storage ring and fast cycling synchrotron 6 He 6 Li + e - + 18 Ne 18 F + e + +  Li 8 Be + e - + v PS SPS To the French Alps

18. 27 November 201518 Mass accretion from a companion into a neutron star (black hole).  Role of 14 O, 15 O and 18 Ne in the physics of x-ray bursts 4 He( 15 O,  ) 19 NE M. Wiescher et al. Erice Conference, 2007 J.L. Fisker et al., arXiv:astro-ph/070241

19. 27 November 201519 g.s. ‘2000 Type II Supernovae 8 Li( ,n) 11 B

20. Example: 6 He beta decay See, e.g, Flechard et al, PRL (2008)  6 Li  daughter nucleus  e - Electron  e  Electron  anti-neutrino  New physics beyond the Standard Model’s  V-A structure 20   Pure Gamow-Teller

21. β-Decay Physics Transition rate W (inverse lifetime) In case of nonoriented nuclei In case of oriented nuclei ( - nuclear polarization) J. D. Jackson, S. B. Treiman and H. W. Wyld, Nucl. Phys. 4, 206 (1957)  Beta-neutrino correlation coefficient 21

22. Why RNB’s in Traps? No possibility for detection of neutrinos Small effects measurements - low energy of ions, multiple scattering, angle resolution Atoms/Ions - “point source” in a trap  Increase of accuracy in measurements: Angular correlations Energ y  2222

23. Current Status on 6 He 27 November 201523  ~2 % limit on any possible deviation – hence improve limit  Statistics + systematic limitations  Flechard et al: Paul trap, but “….MOT (Magneto Optical Trap)”  But He is noble gas – metastable state for MOT. LOW EFFICIENCY.  Statistics

24.  Optical resonator  Particle resonator  Trapping of fast ion beams using electrostatic field LL MM VV VV  E k, q  V>E k /q

25.  L=407 mm  Entrance mirror  Exit mirror  Field free region

26. V1V1 V4V4 V2V2 V3V3 VzVz V1V1 V4V4 V2V2 V3V3 VzVz  Trapping ion beams at keV energies No magnetic fields No RF fields No mass limit Large field free region Simple to operate Directionality External ion source Easy beam detection  Why is this trap different  from the other traps?  Detector (MCP) EkEk  Neutrals

27. 27 November 201527  Fig. 2 A schematic view of the EST for  - decay studies. The radioactive ion, like 6 He, moves with E k -4.2 keV between the reflecting electrodes. The  electrons are detected in position sensitive counters while the recoiling ions, due to kinematic focusing, are detected with very high efficiency in either one (determined by the instantaneous direction) of the annular MCP counters.  MPI – HD Participation

28. (Very) preliminary simulations 27 November 201528

29. “In- House” Research! R&D steps at the WI 27 November 201529  6 He (+ ions) and 8 Li (neutrals) production and extractions  EIBT parameters (bunching (pre-trapping),bunch size, timing (with 4 He) --- Re-use hardware from the 14 UD Pelletron  RNB in Trap and detection system  First measurements  SARAF…

30.  http://www.weizmann.ac.il/conferences/NPA5. http://www.weizmann.ac.il/conferences/NPA5

31. 27 November 201531 Tentative results Lower yield, but, better extraction..

32. 27 November 201532 8 Li energies of interest E( 8 Li [MeV]) 3 6

33. 27 November 201533 R&D Steps Via neutron converter – 6 He, 8 Li,..  Simulations – Geant4, MCNP – PRODUCTION rate of ~10 13 /mA!!!  Converter design  Target design – Diffusion & Extraction (BeO fibers, Boron Nitrite fibers) Direct production – 14,15 O, 18 Ne,..  Design of targets (heat) for direct production (O and Ne); materials (gas?), …  Extraction. Nitrogen is “ bad ”. Perhaps C0 2 ? M. Loiselet, LLN 12 C( 3 He,n) 14 O and 12 C( 4 He,n) 15 O Experiment: Beam, Team, Detectors (RMS-like, Si ball, EXOGAM..) …

34. 27 November 201534

35. 27 November 201535 Towards a full proposal – objectives and milestones.  2007-2009 FP7 (Task 7.1). Towards establishing a true collaboration. Initial target design. R&D studies of both n-converter and direct production. Test runs: Soreq neutron generator Soreq Phase I GANIL (neutrons from C+C) ISOLDE (neutrons from 1 GeV spallation)  2009-2011 Target (s) manufacturing. Parameters for experimental setup, synergy with detector (particle, gamma, separator) projects  2012- ……. SPIRAL-II  2012- ……. SARAF??...

36. B 4 C 27 November 201536 We initiated the heating for Boron Carbide with temperature ~200 0 C. During the first few stages (T=200-500 0 C), the heating was put off in between, as the vacuum deteriorated beyond the limits. But then after it reached 500 o C, the process was continued in steps, so that vacuum may not deteriorate beyond 10 -5.  GANIL 2010 – test of diffusion-effusion of porous B 4 C (?)

37. 27 November 201537 The Astrophysical Journal, 650 (2006) 332 J.L. Fisker et al. The Importance of 15 O(  ) 19 Ne to X-Ray Bursts and Superbursts Arxive-ph/0702412 Feb. 2007 J.L. Fisker et al. Experimental measurements of the 15 O(  ) 19 Ne reaction rate vs. observations of type I X-ray bursts Nuclear Physics A 718, (2003) 605 B. Davids et al. Alpha-decay branching ratios of near-threshold states in 19 Ne and the astrophysical rate of 15 O(α,γ) 19 Ne PRC 67 065809 (2003) K. E. Rehm et al. Branching ration     of the 4.033 MeV 3/2 + state in 19 Ne Nuclear Physics A 688 (2001)465c. S. Cherubini et al. The 15 O(  ) 19 Ne reaction using a 18 Ne radioactive beam Partial sample of representative papers

38. 27 November 201538 SUMMARY  Scientific Case  Calculations and simulations exist – but much more R&D needed Presented at several recent scientific conferences. Funds: EC (infrastructure), Local  “ Road Map ” towards a full experiment – test experiments!  OPEN COLLABORATION – participation welcome!!

39. β-Decay Physics For pure Fermi or pure Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions the correlations coefficients become independent of the nuclear matrix elements The correlations coefficients depends on scalar, vector, axial- vector and tensor coefficients in β-decay Hamiltonian For example, 6 He β-decay (pure GT) beta-neutrino correlation coefficient can be measured in order to check the presence of tensor interactions 39

40. 27 November 201540 X-Ray Bursts and the “ rp ” process The rp process and x-ray bursts - site of nucleo- synthesis The rp process and x-ray bursts - site of nucleo- synthesis These movies simulate an x-ray burst and the rapid-proton capture (“rp”) process. The calculation begins at T9=T/10^9 K=40 with only neutrons and protons. As time progresses and the temperature drops below T9=10, nucleons assemble into 4He nuclei then into heavier mass nuclides. Once T9 falls below about 4, the QSE among the heavy nuclei begins to break down. Charged-particle reactions freeze out, and flow to higher mass number occurs via nuclear beta decay. This is the classical r- process phase.

41.  A new class of ion trapping devices: The Electrostatic Linear Ion Beam Trap  Physical Principle:  Photon Optics and Ion Optics  are Equivalent  Photons can be Trapped in an  Optical Resonator  Ions can be Trapped in an  Electrical Resonator? RR RR LL V1V1 V2V2  V 1 <V 2 VV VV  E k, q  V>E k /q

42. 27 November 201542 Typical X-ray bursts: 10 36 -10 38 erg/s duration 10 s – 100s recurrence: hours-days regular or irregular Frequent and very bright phenomenon ! (stars 10 33 -10 35 erg/s)

43. 27 November 201543 A first experimental approach to the 15 O +  elastic scattering - Eur. Phys. J. A27, 183 (2006) F. Vanderbist, P. Leleux, C. Angulo, E. Casarejos, M. Couder, M. Loiselet, G. Ryckewaert, P. Descouvemont, M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, Z. Liu, and P.J. Woods Recent experiments have determined   (or put limits to   ) for levels in 19 Ne up to 5.092 MeV excitation energy. A conclusion is that a direct measurement of the 15 O( ,  ) 19 Ne reaction in the region of astrophysical interest is currently impossible: 15 O beams of intensity larger than 10 11 pps on target would be required indeed to measure the 15 O(a,  ) 19 Ne cross-section in inverse kinematics in the energy region surrounding the first state above threshold, at 4.033 MeV ….

44. 27 November 201544 Examples of Reactions with RNB’s for Astrophysics 8 B(p,  ) 9 C 8 B( ,p) 11 C 9 C( ,p) 12 N 11 C(p,  ) 12 N

45. 27 November 201545 ISOLDE experiment IS424 (Sept. ’ 07): (in collaboration with P.J. Woods et al.). Recent Experiments (in progress) The use of a 17 F beam from the upgraded REX-ISOLDE facility to study the astrophysically important 14 O(α,p) 17 F reaction in time reverse kinematics. REX-ISOLDE + MINIBALL Only ~ 10 3 17 F/s On-line data of p-  coincidences – Indicating the 1 st excited state of 17 F

46. 27 November 201546 EURISOL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL : “…. no progress has been made with the study of alternative production schemes of 6 He and 18 Ne using low energy beams and strongly recommends that this study be completed …. The outcome of this study is an essential ingredient for the analysis whether it is technically feasible to decouple EURISOL and the beta-beams completely

47. 27 November 201547 GANIL experiment – accepted by GANIL PAC : (in collaboration with Marialuisa Aliotta et al.) Plan to investigate the direct 14 O( ,p) 17 F reaction at four different energies in the energy region E cm = 1.0-2.5 MeV Calculated total S(E) factor. Constructive (+) and destructive (-) interference between the Jpp=1 - 6.15 MeV state and the direct l=1 partial wave contribution are shown.

48. 27 November 201548 Accelerator artist view 176 MHz 3.8 m 1.5 MeV/u M/q  2 1 st cryostat 6 SC HWR 176 MHz  0 =0.09 2 nd – 6 th cryostats 40 SC HWR 176 MHz  0 =0.15 40 MeV x 2 mA p / d RF SC linac

49. 27 November 201549 d beam C β β β β n n 6 He or 8 Li production measurements by betas 9 Be or 11 B foils Or other pulsed neutron source √ Easy experiment √ Calibration of production for future extraction experiments x All cross sections are already known x Measuring 6 He and 8 Li betas is hard x Only very thin targets are possible 20 sec 3 sec 20 sec 3 sec Extra material for (n,2n), maybe Pb

50. 27 November 201550 11 BN SEM picture of BN √ High Melting Point √ Exists in fibers and nanotubes forms √ Could be bought in any shape and form.

51. 27 November 201551 9 BeO √ High Melting Point √ Could be made in fibers form. √ No need of enrichment x Very toxic. ZrO 2

52. 27 November 201552  Model dependence of the neutrino-deuteron disintegration cross sections at low energies http://il.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0702073v1

53. 27 November 201553  sm = 310 -19 [  /eV], but…..

54. 54 8 Li Production Experiment  time  irradiation  measurement  3 sec  0.1 sec

55. 27 November 201555 Schematics and pictures of ISOLDE setup Together with Tierry Stora and the ISOLDE Ion-Source group

56. Neutrino oscillations “101” 27 November 201556

57. B4CB4C 27 November 201557 Property Density (g.cm -3 )2.52 Melting Point (°C)2445 Hardness (Knoop 100g) (kg.mm -2 )2900-3580 Fracture Toughness (MPa.m -½ )2.9 - 3.7 Young's Modulus (GPa)450 - 470 Electrical Conductivity (at 25°C) (S)140 Thermal Conductivity (at 25°C) (W/m.K)30 - 42 Thermal Expansion Co-eff. x10 -6 (°C)5 Thermal neutron capture cross section (barn) 600  Typical properties of boron carbide. Particle Size 3 100% < 10 microns after one stage grinding Composition of Particles: Typical Values as % of weight Crystal Whiskers 3, 5 > 20 Platelet single crystals 3, 5 > 10 Isometric crystals 3, 5 Remainder to 100% Thickness of Crystal Whiskers and Platelets 5 < 2 microns Surface Area 4 2 - 9 m 2 /g

58. 27 November 201558 Fusion Reactions in the Sun: The CNO cycle 14 O 17 F ( ,p) …..  Proposed at GANIL

59. 27 November 201559 14 N(d,2n) 14 O cross section and yield 14 N(d,n) 15 O cross section and yield for a 2 mA deuteron beam for a 2 mA deuterons beam But, extraction of atomic oxygen … Long-learned lesson: “ orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity of measurement – enhanced understanding and possibilities ”.