1. Topographic Maps  Two-dimensional representation of a Three-dimensional surface.  Coordinate systems  Latitude/Longitude (spherical)  Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system  Contour Lines: lines of equal elevation.  North Arrow  Scale  Symbols  Colors  Standard in US: USGS

2. General  Units and conversions: Page xii, front of lab manual  Significant Figures in calculations:  3.0 * 120 = 3602  3 * 120 = 400 (not 360)1  3.178 * 122.5 = 389.3 (not 389.305)4  2.17 * 2,000 (Conversion factor) = 4,3403  7.1 * 2,000 = 14,000 (not 14,200) 2  Many of your answers should have at least 2 significant figures, but no more than 3, even if not following the “rules”

3. Page 230

4. ___ Minutes = 1 Degree ___ Seconds = 1 Minute 60

5. Not a square. Why not? Equator vs Poles? What is Linville Falls? Square or Rectangle?

7. Page 232 Linville Falls Latitudes and Longitudes?

8. Page 233 Scales: Ratio and Bar

9. Scale  Bar Scale  Ratio Scale  1 map unit = # units in real life  1:12,000  1 map unit equals 12,000 real units  1 inch on the map = 12,000 inches in real life or _____ feet  (Linville Falls: 1:_______; 1 in ~ ___ feet) 24,0002,000 1,000

10. Page 234

11. Page 234

12. Page 235 N or S first, Degrees to the E or W A to B: N 42 E B to A: ______ # Degrees clockwise from North (0°) A to B: 42° B to A: ______ DIRECTIONS – TWO METHODS 222 S 42 W

13. Metric (meters) Rectangular, not spherical UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) Page 237

14. Page 242

16. Units of Elevation? Units of Distance? Contour Interval: difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines (that are not equal). What is the contour interval? The location indicated by “x 108” is higher in elevation than 100 feet but less than 150 feet. If no listed elevation, what you predict it to be? Page 242

17. Page 244

18. Page 245

19. Page 247

21. North? Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? Draw to edge of figure, and label each line. Page 253 100 110 120 90 80

22. 1) Label “dots” with elevations, increments of 100. 2) Notice “V” where 100-foot contour line crosses the stream. Do the same for all other contour lines. Page 253 400 600 400 500 200

23. Page 255

24. Copy is Black & White, so look at the manual. What do the blue lines represent? What is the contour interval? Which direction to the rivers flow? Page 254

25. Map Scale

26. Gradient: Change in elevation divided by distance. Slope: Rise / Run Relief: Change in elevation on the map. Maximum – Minimum.

27. North? Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? Draw to edge of figure, and label each line. Page 253 100 110 120 90 80