2. Bureaucracies are large, complex organizations in which employees have very specific job responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authority. The employees of the departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices of government are known as bureaucrats. The Bureaucracy is considered part of the Executive Office. The bureaucracy of the federal government is the largest in the United States, employing more that 2.8 million people. THE BUREAUCRACY

3. The Spoils System is the practice of winning candidates’ rewarding their supporters with government jobs. Made famous by President Andrew Jackson and based on the saying “to the victor the spoils of the enemy.” In the 19 th century, nearly every federal job was a patronage job. President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, replaced nearly 40,000 Republican postal employees with Democrats. The Pendleton Act of 1883 was legislation to replace the patronage, or spoils system, with the merit system. The Civil Service is a system or method of appointing government employees on the basis of competitive examinations, rather than by political patronage. The Merit System is a system or policy whereby people are promoted or rewarded on the basis of ability or achievement rather than because of seniority, quotas, patronage or the like. WHO ARE THE BUREAUCRATS?

4. Departments, Independent Agencies (NASA, SBA,) Government Corporations (TVA, USPS, AMTRAK,) Independent Regulatory Agencies (SEC, FRB) Civil Service; Presidents appoint fewer than 1% of all executive branch positions The primary function of the bureaucracy is policy implementation and policymaking. BUREAUS AND BUREAUCRATS

5. Department of State http://www.state.gov Department of the Treasury http://www.treasury.gov Department of Defense http://www.defenselink.mil Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov Department of the Interior http://www.doi.gov Department of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov Department of Commerce http://www.commerce.gov Department of Labor http://www.dol.gov http://www.state.gov http://www.treasury.gov http://www.defenselink.mil http://www.usdoj.gov http://www.doi.gov http://www.usda.gov http://www.commerce.gov http://www.dol.gov Department of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov http://www.hhs.gov Department of Housing and Urban Development http://www.hud.gov Department of Transportation http://www.dot.gov Department of Energy http://www.energy.gov Department of Education http://www.ed.gov Department of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov Department of Homeland Security http://www.dhs.gov http://www.hud.gov http://www.dot.gov http://www.energy.gov http://www.ed.gov http://www.va.gov http://www.dhs.gov CABINET DEPARTMENTS

6. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

7. Science and Technology Business Regulation Social Welfare Ambitious Administrators REASONS FOR GROWTH OF THE BUREAUCRACY

8. Executive Influence Congressional influences Iron triangles Issue networks The Media INFLUENCES ON THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY