1. cAMP Controls Activity of Protein Kinase A R C R C R R A A A A A A A A C C Regulatory subunits Catalytic subunits cAMP Active kinase C CREB P Nucleus Activation Gene expression ON DNA Alberts et al (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell (4e) p. 857, 858

2. G protein cAMP Is the Second Messenger 肝 糖肝 糖 Glc-1-P P 肝糖磷解脢 a 肝糖磷解脢 b P 肝糖磷解脢激脢 蛋白質激脢 cAMP ATP 結環脢 G protein Adenylate cyclase A Cyclic AMP (second messenger) Protein kinase A Glycogen phosphorylase kinase Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen Receptor Glucagon Sutherland (1971) Cascade inactive Active Juang RH (2007) BCbasics

3. SH2 domain The Reception and Transduction of Signals b G protein a g GDP b g + Signal -GDP +GTP a GDP a GTP a Adenylate cyclase + Signal b Activation P Protein Phosphatase a Glycogen Synthase Glycogen Synthase P active Insulin PP PP kinase Glucagon A G-protein-linked Receptor Enzyme-linked Receptor The third group: Ion-channel-linked Receptor Gilman, Rodbell (1994) Glycogen breakdown Glycogen Juang RH (2007) BCbasics

4. Signal Transduction Network (Ras vs. P53) Cytosol Cell membrane Ras Effector enzyme Signal protein E2F Transcription factor Target gene mRNA Inhibitor P53 Cell division ON Signal Receptor Nucleus Ribosome Transcription Apoptosis Cell function are controlled by protein interactions mRNA Regulator protein Juang RH (2007) BCbasics

5. PP A GP kinase GP a GP b Glycogen synthase P Protein phosphatase-1 Protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 Glycogen PKA P active inactive Phosphatase Glucagon Adapted from Kleinsmith & Kish (1995) Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology (2e) p.217