2. Geologic Time

3. The Geologic Time Scale Geologists have divided the history of the Earth in time units based on fossil evidence. The time units are part of the Geologic Time Scale. The scale starts from Earth’s origin, 4.6 billion years ago, to present day.

4. The Geologic Time Scale The Geologic Time Scale EonsErasPeriods

5. Earth’s History Compared to a Football Field

6. Pages 8 and 9 of your Earth Science Reference Tables!!

7. Fossils A fossil is any evidence of earlier life preserved in rock. Fossils are ONLY found in sedimentary rocks! Why? Igneous rocks are cooled magma/lava and metamorphic rocks have undergone too much heat and pressure to preserve a fossil.

8. Fossils Types of Fossils: 1. Original Remains – unchanged remains of a plant or animal. 2. Amber – animal or plant caught in sticky amber and amber hardens and preserves it – think Jurassic Park! 3. Replaced Remains – soft parts of animal have disappeared and the hard parts are replaced by minerals. Ex. – petrified wood

9. Fossils 4. Molds and Casts – a mold is a hollow depression left in the rock from a shell or bone. A cast is when the mold fills in with material and makes a cast of the mold. 5. Trace Fossils – evidence of life other than the actual remains of the plant or animal. Ex. – trails, footprints, burrows, etc.

10. Mold and Cast Burrows Footprints Petrified Wood Carbonized Remains

11. Index Fossils Index fossils are very useful for dating rocks. These fossils are used to correlate (match- up) rock layers from one geographic area to another. This is very useful to geologists because they can then determine when a specific rock layer formed.

12. Fossil Correlation time grandpa father son Time when all three generations coexist 1900 2000

13. Fossil Correlation Different species overlap in time Time (millions of years) species A species B species C Age of rock containing these 3 fossils 543

14. Fossil Correlation

16. Index Fossils To be considered a GOOD index fossil, it must have these three things: 1. Be easily recognized 2. Be abundant (many of them found) 3. Be spread-out over a large geographic area. Someday, we (humans) will make great index fossils!!

17. Relative Dating of Rocks James Hutton proposed the principle of uniformitarianism. This states that the processes occurring on Earth today, have been occurring since Earth first formed. In other words, “the present is the key to the past”.

18. Geologic Principles Relative dating of rocks is getting an approximate age of the rock formation, without being able to get an EXACT age. In this picture of the Grand Canyon, each horizontal layer of rocks represents a different chunk of time.

19. Geologic Principles The first geologic principle is the Principle of original horizontality. It states that sedimentary rocks are always deposited in horizontal layers, unless something has happened to fold or fault them. The second principle goes along with the first. Because sedimentary rocks are deposited horizontally, the one on the bottom must be the oldest and each layer on top of that gets younger, with the youngest on the top. This is called the Principle of Superposition.

20. Geologic Principles Superposition oldest layers are on the bottom Original horizontality rocks form horizontal layers youngest oldest

21. Geologic Principles The third principle is the Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships. This states that an igneous rock intrusion or a fault must be younger than the rock it cuts across. In other words, the pizza or cake has to be baked before you can cut it!!

22. Igneous Intrusions There are 2 types of igneous intrusions. 1. Dyke – molten rock that cuts vertically into rock layers. 2. Sill – A horizontal sheet of molten rock that gets squeezed between 2 rock layers.

23. Geologic Principles Cross - cutting features are younger canyons intrusions faults

24. Unconformities Earth’s surfaces are constantly being eroded. Because of this, often there is a gap in the rock record. These gaps are called unconformities. There are 3 types of unconformities.

25. 1. Angular Unconformity Rock layers above and below the un- conformity are at an angle to each other horizontal layers tilted layers

27. 2. Disconformity Rock layers above and below the un- conformity are parallel to each other horizontal layers

29. 3. Nonconformity Rock layers above and below the un- conformity are different rock types sedimentary igneous or metamorphic

30. Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Rocks Nonconformity

31. Relative age problems W L F C A P X R T Z 1. C 2. R 3. T 4. Z 5. L 6. X 7. P 8. W 9. A 10. F Oldest Youngest

32. Absolute Dating of Rocks The main method used to get the exact age of a rock is called radioactive or radiometric dating. This method studies the decay rates of radioactive isotopes in order to determine the age of the rock.

33. Radioactive Dating During radioactive decay, the original material or “parent material” decays at a set rate into the new material or “daughter material” As the number of parent material decreases, the number of daughter material increases. The amount of time that it takes for exactly one-half of the parent to turn into daughter is known as a half-life. For example – the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5,700 years. Carbon-14 is the parent material and Nitrogen-14 is the daughter material it decays into. Therefore, this means that it will take 5,700 years for one-half of the Carbon-14 to turn into Nitrogen-14.

34. Radioactive Dating THE GOOD NEWS!! Half-lives are completely and totally set in stone and DO NOT ever change!! The half-life of Cabon-14 is ALWAYS 5,700 years, no matter what!! ALSO – some common half-lives are given free of charge on page 1 of your ESRT!

36. Radioactive Dating The smaller the half-life, the less useful the radioactive isotope is for dating really old stuff. For example, Carbon-14 half life is only 5,700 years. Therefore, it can only accurately date rocks no older than about 100,000 years old. Therefore, to date rocks that formed back at the beginning of the Earth, 4.6 billion years ago, we would use an isotope with a much larger half- life. Since Uranium-238 half-life is 4.5 billion years, anything containing it has undergone 1 half-life since the Earth first formed!

37. Example of Radiocarbon decay (decay of Carbon-14)

38. Analogy: “decay” of Bit-O-Honey “Original” Bit-O- Honey (Parent Material)

39. “Decayed” Bit-O-Honey (Daughter material)

44. 100 50 25 13 123456 Number of parent isotopes Number of daughter isotopes

45. 20 of original 100 left

46. 100 50 25 13 123456 Number of parent isotopes Number of daughter isotopes 2.2 20

47. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=1,000,000 DAUGHTER=0 Start with a million parent atoms…

48. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=500,000 DAUGHTER=500,000 1

49. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=250,000 DAUGHTER=750,000 12

50. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=125,000 DAUGHTER=875,000 123

51. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=62,500 DAUGHTER=937,500 1234

52. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=31,250 DAUGHTER=968,750 12345

53. 1 0.5 0.25 0.13 PARENT=15,625 DAUGHTER=984,375 123456

54. Let’s Try Some More… Parent Daughter 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 0 1/2 3/4 7/8 15/16 1 st half-life 2 nd half-life 3 rd half-life 4 th half-life

55. Let’s Try Some More… C – 14N - 14 1 50% 25% 12.5% 6.25% 0 50% 75% 87.5% 93.75% 1 st half-life 2 nd half-life 3 rd half-life 4 th half-life