1. The Age of Realpolitik 1848-1871 Chapter 25-1

2. Post 1850 Nationalism Failed Revolutions of 1848: Failed Revolutions of 1848: Germany Germany Italy Italy Austria (Hapsburg Empire) Austria (Hapsburg Empire) France France

3. Germany Liberals and Nationalists failed to get the support of Prussian King Frederick William Iv for a unified Germany under a Constitutional monarchy at the Frankfort Parliament Liberals and Nationalists failed to get the support of Prussian King Frederick William Iv for a unified Germany under a Constitutional monarchy at the Frankfort Parliament Frederick William IV refused to accept the “crown from the gutter” and offered his own (Divine Rightish) constitution instead Frederick William IV refused to accept the “crown from the gutter” and offered his own (Divine Rightish) constitution instead

4. Germany continued Austria would accept a plan for German unity only if Prussia took an oath of loyalty to the German Bund (with Austria the head of the Diet) Austria would accept a plan for German unity only if Prussia took an oath of loyalty to the German Bund (with Austria the head of the Diet) Humiliation of Olmutz: Prussia was forced to put her ambitions aside (for now) Humiliation of Olmutz: Prussia was forced to put her ambitions aside (for now)

5. Italy Austrian forces were driven out of Northern Italy Austrian forces were driven out of Northern Italy French forces were driven out of Southern Italy and Sicily French forces were driven out of Southern Italy and Sicily Mazzini, protected by Garibaldi and his army, proclaimed the Roman Republic in 1849 Mazzini, protected by Garibaldi and his army, proclaimed the Roman Republic in 1849 But Italian revolutionaries could not work together & rural population not on board Austria and France regained lost land But Italian revolutionaries could not work together & rural population not on board Austria and France regained lost land

6. Austria (Hapsburg Empire) Louis Kossuth led Hungarian forces to the gates of Vienna Louis Kossuth led Hungarian forces to the gates of Vienna But Austrian army (aided by Russian troops and Slavs within the empire) defeated the Magars and regained control But Austrian army (aided by Russian troops and Slavs within the empire) defeated the Magars and regained control

7. France The Bourgeoisie King, Louis Philippe, was overthrown for failing to expand the franchise to the working class during the February Revolution The Bourgeoisie King, Louis Philippe, was overthrown for failing to expand the franchise to the working class during the February Revolution The June Days Revolution pitted the middle class against the working class The June Days Revolution pitted the middle class against the working class

8. France continued Conservatives, supported by the army, restored order Conservatives, supported by the army, restored order Louis Napoleon (a conservative) was elected president of the Second Republic overwhelmingly Louis Napoleon (a conservative) was elected president of the Second Republic overwhelmingly

9. Realpolitik after 1848 Clearly, strong idealism did not meet with success in accomplishing liberal and nationalistic goals Clearly, strong idealism did not meet with success in accomplishing liberal and nationalistic goals After 1850 Realism replaced Romanticism After 1850 Realism replaced Romanticism Realpolitik was the political outgrowth of Realism Realpolitik was the political outgrowth of Realism Goals will be achieved in a step-by-step, practical, Machiavellian-like manner Goals will be achieved in a step-by-step, practical, Machiavellian-like manner

10. Results: Italian Unification Italian Unification German Unification German Unification Hungarian Autonomy Hungarian Autonomy In France, Louis Napoleon will have to cater to loiberals to hang on to power In France, Louis Napoleon will have to cater to loiberals to hang on to power

11. The Failure of the Concert of Europe The Great Powers failed to work together in the revolutions of 1848 The Great Powers failed to work together in the revolutions of 1848 This undermined their credibility This undermined their credibility Between 1848 and 1878 Peace in Europe will be interrupted by the Crimean War and by the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 Between 1848 and 1878 Peace in Europe will be interrupted by the Crimean War and by the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878

12. Causes of the Crimean War A dispute between Russian Christians and French Christians over priveliges in the Holy Land (Palistine) which was part of the Ottoman Empire A dispute between Russian Christians and French Christians over priveliges in the Holy Land (Palistine) which was part of the Ottoman Empire In 1852 the Turks agreed to Napoleon III’s demand that the Turks provide protection for Roman Catholic religious orders visiting Palestine In 1852 the Turks agreed to Napoleon III’s demand that the Turks provide protection for Roman Catholic religious orders visiting Palestine

13. The Crimean War continued The Russians believed that the Turkish-French Agreement jeopardized an existing agreement that the Turks had regarding protecting Greek Orthodox religious orders in the Holy Land The Russians believed that the Turkish-French Agreement jeopardized an existing agreement that the Turks had regarding protecting Greek Orthodox religious orders in the Holy Land Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several Turkish-controlled provinces along the Danube Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy several Turkish-controlled provinces along the Danube

14. Crimean War continued Nicholas I claimed that the Russian Troops would withdraw once the Turks guananteed rights for the Orthodox Christians Nicholas I claimed that the Russian Troops would withdraw once the Turks guananteed rights for the Orthodox Christians 1853 Turks declared war on Russia when Nicholas refused to withdraw his troops 1853 Turks declared war on Russia when Nicholas refused to withdraw his troops

15. Crimean War continued 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russia 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russia Surprising as the Turks were not Christians Surprising as the Turks were not Christians Brit and French terms for Russia were called The Four Points Brit and French terms for Russia were called The Four Points

16. The Crimean War continued The Four Points: The Four Points: Russia must renounce claims to occupied provinces along the Danube Russia must renounce claims to occupied provinces along the Danube Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River on the Black Sea should be internationalized Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River on the Black Sea should be internationalized Russia must renounce its special role of “protector” of the Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire Russia must renounce its special role of “protector” of the Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire Russia must withdraw troops Russia must withdraw troops

17. Crimean War continued 1855 The Piedmont joined in the war against Russia 1855 The Piedmont joined in the war against Russia Then Austria agreed to the 4 Points and gave Russia an ultimatum: Comply or Austria would join the others Then Austria agreed to the 4 Points and gave Russia an ultimatum: Comply or Austria would join the others Nicholas I died Nicholas I died

18. Crimean War continued Alexander II (the new Czar) agreed to the 4 Points Alexander II (the new Czar) agreed to the 4 Points The War: The War: Most was fought on the Crimean Peninsula Most was fought on the Crimean Peninsula Over 50,000 British and French troops were there fighting against the Russians Over 50,000 British and French troops were there fighting against the Russians

19. Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing More men died of disease than wounds from combat More men died of disease than wounds from combat Nightingales “Light Brigade” tended to the troops Nightingales “Light Brigade” tended to the troops However, death due to disease remained high However, death due to disease remained high

20. Peace of Paris Russia the biggest loser: Russia the biggest loser: No longer in control of maritime trade on lthe Danube No longer in control of maritime trade on lthe Danube Had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube Had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of the Danube Had to renounce its claims to Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania later) Had to renounce its claims to Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania later)

21. Peace of Paris continued Russia renounced its role of “protector” of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire Russia renounced its role of “protector” of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire Russia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottomans Russia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottomans Black Sea would be neutral Black Sea would be neutral

22. Peace of Paris continued All powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire All powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire

23. The Aftermath Russia was shocked that it had fallen so far behind in military power Russia was shocked that it had fallen so far behind in military power Began to industrialize Began to industrialize Began to modernize its army Began to modernize its army

24. France: The Second French Republic 1848-1852 Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly) Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly) Universal male suffrage Universal male suffrage Strong executive: popularly elected Strong executive: popularly elected

25. Louis Napoleon Voters saw him as a symbol of stability and greatness Voters saw him as a symbol of stability and greatness Was dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism and favored the conservative classes: Was dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism and favored the conservative classes: The Church Property owners The Armybusiness

26. Louis Napoleon Lived much of his life outside of France so little political baggage Lived much of his life outside of France so little political baggage His name carried much weight with the vogters His name carried much weight with the vogters Needed to make concessions to the conservatives in return for their support Needed to make concessions to the conservatives in return for their support

27. Louis Napoleons concessions to conservatives: Falloux Law: Control of education returned to the Church in exchange for its support Falloux Law: Control of education returned to the Church in exchange for its support Minimized the influence of the Legislative Assembly Minimized the influence of the Legislative Assembly Supported policies favorable to the Army Supported policies favorable to the Army Disenfranchised many poor people Disenfranchised many poor people Closed down labor unions Closed down labor unions Jailed many socialist or democratic leaders Jailed many socialist or democratic leaders

28. The Legislative Assembly was Unhappy Legislative Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon payment of his large personal debt Legislative Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon payment of his large personal debt Nor did they give him an allowance for his second term Nor did they give him an allowance for his second term So…he plotted a coup to become emperor So…he plotted a coup to become emperor

29. The Second Empire Louis Napoleon arranged for a coup and took control in 1852 Louis Napoleon arranged for a coup and took control in 1852 This time he will court the Liberals This time he will court the Liberals Restored universal male suffrage in 1852 Restored universal male suffrage in 1852 92% of the people voted to make his President for the next 10 years 92% of the people voted to make his President for the next 10 years 1853 98% voted to make him hereditary Emperor 1853 98% voted to make him hereditary Emperor

30. The Second Empire France was the only country in Europe to have universal male suffrage France was the only country in Europe to have universal male suffrage Back to conservatism: Back to conservatism: Strengthened and centralized power Strengthened and centralized power Wealthy businessmen became the new imperial aristocracy Wealthy businessmen became the new imperial aristocracy Censorship of the press Censorship of the press Government sponsored “official candidates” in elections Government sponsored “official candidates” in elections

31. Then 1859-1870 Liberalism His rule will be a model for other political leaders in Europe His rule will be a model for other political leaders in Europe Will demonstrate how government could use authoritarian nationalism to foster cooperation between conservative and popular forces Will demonstrate how government could use authoritarian nationalism to foster cooperation between conservative and popular forces

32. Economic Reforms Redeveloped Paris (von Haussmann) and rebuilt infrastructure: roads, canals, railroads Redeveloped Paris (von Haussmann) and rebuilt infrastructure: roads, canals, railroads Movement toward free trade: Movement toward free trade: French exports doubled between 1853 and 1864 French exports doubled between 1853 and 1864 Signed a liberal trade agreement with Britain in 1860 Signed a liberal trade agreement with Britain in 1860 The first time that any modern state played such a direct role in stimulating the economy

33. More Economic Reforms Banking: Credit Moblier funded industrial and infrastructural growth Banking: Credit Moblier funded industrial and infrastructural growth France’s metallurgical industry grew big time France’s metallurgical industry grew big time French investors financed projects in Russia, Spain, Italy French investors financed projects in Russia, Spain, Italy Lesseps Co. completed the Suez Canal in 1869 Lesseps Co. completed the Suez Canal in 1869

34. Political Reforms Extended the power of the Legislative Assembly Extended the power of the Legislative Assembly Members were elected by universal male suffrage every 6 years Members were elected by universal male suffrage every 6 years Opposition candidates had greater freedom Opposition candidates had greater freedom Returned control of secondary education to the state (took control away from the Church) Returned control of secondary education to the state (took control away from the Church) In response Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors condemning Liberalism In response Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of Errors condemning Liberalism

35. Political Reforms continued 1864 Permitted trade Unions and allowed them to strike 1864 Permitted trade Unions and allowed them to strike Eased censorship Eased censorship Amnesty to political prisoners Amnesty to political prisoners Supported better housing Supported better housing Supported credit unions Supported credit unions Regulated pawn shops Regulated pawn shops

36. Foreign Policy was Napoleon III’s downfall Sent French Troops to rescue and restore Pope Pius IX when he was driven out in 1848 Sent French Troops to rescue and restore Pope Pius IX when he was driven out in 1848 Was supported by conservatives Was supported by conservatives Was condemned by liberals Was condemned by liberals Involvement in Crimean War Involvement in Crimean War Angered Republicans and Liberals Angered Republicans and Liberals Imperialism in Africa also a divisive factor Imperialism in Africa also a divisive factor Liberals condemned and conservatives supported Liberals condemned and conservatives supported

37. Foreign Policy continued Many of Napoleon III’s liberal reforms were designed to draw attention away from divisive foreign policy Many of Napoleon III’s liberal reforms were designed to draw attention away from divisive foreign policy The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and Napoleon III’s capture will result in the end of the Second Empire The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and Napoleon III’s capture will result in the end of the Second Empire