1. Integrated Pest Management Methods
People who practice IPM (integrated pest management) understand that eradicating insect pests and diseases of plants is usually unrealistic.
IPM primarily consists of methods used to prevent plant problems from occurring in the first place.

2. Pest Management Methods
To practice IPM in the landscape, choose plants that are well suited to the site.
Plant them properly and keep the plants healthy by carefully watering, fertilizing, and pruning them.

3. Classification of Pesticides
A substance or mixture of substances used to control undesirable plants and animals
Insecticides
Pesticides used to control unwanted insects
Fungicides
Designed to control fungal pathogens

4. Insect Development or Metamorphosis
Two forms of development (change)
Simple/ Partial/ Primitive
Complete/ Advanced

5. Egg- nymph- adult Simple metamorphosis
All life stages look similar, behave similar
Whole family can live and feed together
Insects with simple metamorphosis have three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult. These insects may have wings which, if present, develop externally. Young are known as nymphs and there is no resting stage.

6. Simple(gradual) Metamorphosis

7. Complete Metamorphosis
Egg -Larvae-Pupae-Adult
Larvae not look like adult- are wormlike
Can live in different environment
Eat different food
Larvae usually the main pest

8. Larva and Pupae Stage
In the case of insects with complete metamorphosis (holometabolous insects), the wings, if present, develop internally.

9. Adult Male & Female
Male and Female Monarch

10. Insect Development Cold blooded- development influenced by temperature
Most insects inactive below 50 0 F;
Breed, eat, develop faster the warmer it is up to 95 0 F.

11. Insect mouthparts-two types
damage
Chewing mouthparts
Sucking mouthparts
damage

12. The Disease Triangle Host Pathogen Environment Susceptible Host
All factors present disease can result
Methods of control can modify the triangle
Susceptible Host
Disease
No Disease
Host
Pathogen
Environment

13. Causes of Plant Diseases
Biotic factors (biological in origin)
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Nematodes
Phytoplasmas
Abiotic factors (non-biological)
Weather
Environmental pollutants

14. Plant Diseases: Fungi Largest pathogen group
Over 200,000 known species of fungi
More than 8,000 cause plant diseases
Reproduce by asexual and sexual means
Spores are like seeds

15. Signs of Fungal Diseases
Powdery Mildew
White coating on plant
sprinkled with powdered sugar

16. Signs of Fungal Diseases
Rust

17. Black Spot of Elm, Gnomonia ulmea

18. Lesions
Angular appearance
Fungal lesions more
irregular shape

19. Blights
Alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria solani (left) and
Septoria leaf blight caused by Septoria lycopersici (right)

20. Cankers Lesions on stems, branches or trunks Sunken and discolored
Outer bark fallen away

21. Rots Destruction and disintegration of a large portion of the plant
Affected areas are discolored and soft
Crown rots
Root rots
Southern blight
Sclerotium rolfsii

22. Wilts Indicate plant is not getting water
Plants have a droopy appearance
Root rots
Root system decayed, no longer absorb water
Cineraria with root rot
Pythium

23. Wilts
Vascular wilt invades the xylem (water conducting tissue)
Vascular discoloration or browning
Xylem changes from whitish color to brown, green or gray color
Verticillium
Bacterial Wilt
of Cucumber
carried by
Cucumber Beetle

24. Plant Diseases: Bacteria
Second most important group of plant pathogens
Spots
Lesions
Blight
Rots
Vascular wilts
Galls

25. Galls Bacterial infections can cause galls to form
Bacterium induces gall
formation by injecting it’s
own DNA into a plant cell
Crown gall

26. Plant Diseases: Viruses
Reproduce by taking over host reproductive machinery
Often associated with insect vectors
Reproduction can take place in vector
Can be transmitted mechanically
Grower handling issues
Plants rubbing together

27. Symptoms of Viral Diseases
Mosaic
Mottling
Leaf and Fruit Distortions
Ringspot

28. Mosaic Classic symptom Blotchy light and dark green coloring on leaves
Poinsettia mosaic virus

29. Rose Mosaic Virus
Interesting lines and patterns

30. Mottle
Blotchy coloring occurs on flowers of other colored flower parts

31. Economic Importance
Some cases of viral infections can be highly desirable
Tulips

32. Leaf and Fruit Distortions
Leaves are narrow or “strappy”, thicker then normal
Leaves are curled and twisted
Fruit has warts (yellow raised bumps)
Zucchini

33. Ringspot
Concentric ring patterns on fruit or leaves
Papaya ringspot

34. Plant Diseases: Phytoplasmas
Odd bacteria like organisms
Much smaller than bacteria, need an electron microscope
Transmitted by insects usually leafhoppers
Leafhoppers are phloem feeders

35. Symptoms of Phytoplasma Diseases
Virescence
Brooming
Fasciation
Twisting and Distortion

36. Virescense Brooming Normally colored plant parts are green
Plant parts become overly branched and bushy

37. Brooming - Ash Yellows

38. Fasciation
Flattening of plant parts
Maple branch

39. Twisting, Distortion and Virescence
Cosmos with Aster Yellows

40. Plant Diseases: Nematodes
Parasitic worms
Very complex compared to other pathogens
Usually seen only with a light microscope
Reproduce by eggs

41. Nematodes
Identified by extracting from soil or infected plant material
Non-pathogenic vs. pathogenic nematodes
Pathogenic have a stylet
Modified tooth that punctures and feeds on plant tissue

42. Gall formation by nematodes
Nematode tunnels into the root
It’s saliva stimulates plant root cells to divide

44. Plant Diseases: Abiotic Factors
Nutritional abnormalities
Pesticide exposure
Environmental pollutants
Adverse weather conditions

45. Symptoms Abnormalities are called INJURIES Discolortion Yellowing
Chlorosis
Reddening

46. Types of Nutrient Abnormalities
Yellowing at margins of leaf
lack of molybdenum
General yellowing
lack of nitrogen
Leaf veins remain green and leaf blades turn yellow
lack of iron or manganese
Reddening of foliage
lack of phosphorus

47. Molybdenum deficiency on poinsettia
Yellowing at margins

48. Pesticide exposure Curling and cupping
Geranium exposed to the herbicide 2,4-D

49. Pesticide exposure
Twisting
Tomatoes exposed to the herbicide 2,4-D

50. Symptoms similar to viruses and phytoplasmas
Pesticide exposure
Distortion
Rose exposed to a phenoxy-type herbicide
Symptoms similar to viruses and phytoplasmas
Gather information

51. Pesticide exposure Fungicide use can cause marginal burning
Follow the label directions

52. Environmental Pollutants
Browning of arborvitae due to dog urine

53. Environmental Pollutants
Cold injury
Candles starting to grow and cold weather comes
Gather information

54. Environmental Pollutants
Heat injury
High temps can cause tissue damage

55. Environmental Pollutants
Adverse weather conditions
Winter injury
Air temps rise but soil temps are cold
Plant begins growing but the roots can’t get water to the foliage
Plant desiccates and dies

56. Environmental Pollutants
Adverse weather conditions
Drought stress, reddening of branches

57. Where to go for help… http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/pddc/index.html
Plant Disease Diagnostics Clinic
Soil and Plant Analysis Lab
Nutritional disorders

58. Slides in power point are copy write:  1999 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System doing business as the division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin Extension