1. Coral Reefs on Acid Lab Directions: Follow the steps in each box. Use the pictures to help answer the questions. Answer the questions using both pictures & written response. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Modified from: InSTEP ‘Dude –where’d the reef go?’ 1

2. 1. What are Coral Reefs? Where are they located? Zone? What are they made of? Who uses them? Why are they important? 2

3. 2. Coral Cover Observation What has happened to Coral Cover % from 1977 to 2002? Why do you think this has happened? How does this relate to question 1? Graph of Coral Cover See Figure 6. at http://www.climateshifts.org/?p=6348http://www.climateshifts.org/?p=6348 3

4. 3. Demo Add 5 to 8 drops of vinegar onto a shell or coral. Write your observations. You may need to use a microscope or hand-lens. Why is this happening? What is vinegar? What is the shell made of? (hint- think pH) How does this relate to question 2? 4

5. 4. Demo Take a small cup of salt water. Add pH indicator into it. What is the pH? Then, using a straw, blow bubbles into the cup for 15 to 20 seconds. What do you notice about the pH of Salt water after blowing “bubbles” into it? What are the “bubbles” made out of? 5

6. 5. CO2 + Water= ? What is happening to CO2 in this picture? How does this relate to question 4? 6 See Carbon dioxide entering the water picture at http://askascientist.co.u k/chemistry/ocean- acidity-what-is-ph- anyway/ http://askascientist.co.u k/chemistry/ocean- acidity-what-is-ph- anyway/

7. 6. CO2 concentration What is the trend? What is causing this trend? Where is some of the extra CO2 going? How does this relate to question 5? 7 See Mauna Loa Carbon dioxide data at http://celebrating200ye ars.noaa.gov/datasets/ mauna/ http://celebrating200ye ars.noaa.gov/datasets/ mauna/

8. 7. Mauna Loa Data 1985-2006 Carbonate (Calicum) levels are ___________ pH is ____________ CO 2 concentration is _____________ Fill in the BLANKS 8 Adapted from Ocean-acidification.net by Wolf-gladrow et al., 1999 (9).

9. 8. CONCLUSION Because Carbon Dioxide levels are…. This is causing the ocean to become…. This is affecting coral reefs because… 9

10. 9. What else depends on carbonate? List 5 10

11. 10. Acidification Projections What if the CO 2 amount trend continues, as is, into our future? from Hoegh-Guldberg et al (2007) Hoegh-Guldberg et al (2007) 11

12. 11. What can we (you) do? List 5 12