1. 13,000 km 3 15,300,000 km 3 1,350,000,000 km 3 71,000 km 3 33,000,000 km 3 425,000 km 3 40,000 km 3

2. Carbon Cycling

4. Nitrogen Cycling

5. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 350-550 billion tons of carbon trapped in microbes 85-130 billion tons nitrogen in microbes 9-14 billion tons phosphorus in microbes 85% of the 15 billion tons of nitrogen fixed annually is fixed by bacteria 50% of oxygen produced by cyanobacteria

6. Carbon Cycling

8. Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm) Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii 320 340 360 380

9. Hottest years on Record 1902190119001903190419051906190719081909 1992199119901993199419951996199719981999 1962196119601963196419651966196719681969 1952195119501953195419551956195719581959 19321930 1933193419351936193719381939 1942194119401943194419451946194719481949 1912191119101913191419151916191719181919 1922192119201923192419251926192719281929 1972197119701973197419751976197719781979 1982198119801983198419851986198719881989 20022001200020032004200520062007 2008 2009 20102011 2012

16. IPCC Projected Impacts

18. Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm) Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii 320 340 360 380

19. Ocean Acidification CO 2 + H 2 0  H 2 CO 3  HCO 3 - + H +

20. Hoegh-Guldberg, et al. Science, 2008

25. Location Of The Stations Ambika Badh, 2009

35. Longer growing season Higher yield Better quality and different varieties of crop Stronger economy Changes in rainfall pattern (+/-) Higher risk of flood Higher risk of drought Ambika Badh’s Predictions at 2007 NDAS meeting

37. Bird range shrinkage by 2050 after Jetz, et al. PLOS Biology, 2007 (8,750 species) 60% 10%

41. Fig. 25-5, p. 454

42. Parmesan, et al. Nature. 1999

46. The end

48. Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm) Vostock Ice Core, Antarctica 200 250 300

49. Projected Temperature Change Moderate Greenhouse Gas Increase Large Greenhouse Gas Increase

50. Parmesan, et al. Nature. 1999