1. CHAPTER 1
The Science of Life

2. Section 1-1 The Study of Life Objectives
List six unifying themes in biology.
Explain how organisms get the energy they need.
Describe the main difference between the structure of a living thing and a nonliving thing.

3. In the beginning . . . First forms of life on earth arose 3.5 bya
prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic

4. Themes in Biology Cell structure and function
unicellular vs. multicellular
What is differentiation?
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
common cell parts

5. Themes in Biology Stability and Homeostasis
Organisms must control conditions such as temperature, water content, food intake, and pH
Homeostasis – constant internal environment

6. Themes in Biology Reproduction and Inheritance
The molecule of heredity is DNA
Gene – section of DNA that codes for the development of a trait
Two types of reproduction
Sexual and Asexual

7. Themes in Biology Evolution Populations of organisms change over time
Natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs

8. Themes in Biology Interdependence of Organisms
Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment
Ecosystems – environmental communities

9. Themes in Biology Matter, Energy , and Organization
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

10. Section 1-2 The World of Biology Objectives
List six characteristics of life.
Describe how a living things is organized.
Explain why all living things on Earth are not yet well understood.

11. Characteristics of Life
Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular

12. Characteristics of Life
Organization
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Atoms
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population

13. Characteristics of Life
Energy Use
Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism
Two Types
Anabolism
building complex molecules from simpler ones
ex: photosynthesis
Catabolism
breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
ex: cellular respiration

14. Characteristics of Life
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Solar energy
Chemical energy
Mechanical energy
AUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS

15. Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis
Necessary for survival
A reaction (response) to a change in the environment (stimulus) helps us to maintain homeostasis

16. Characteristics of Life
Growth
Results from
Cell enlargement
Cell division
Is necessary for the development of an adult organism

17. Characteristics of Life
Reproduction
Is necessary for the survival of the species
Two types
Asexual
One parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.
Sexual
Two cells unite to form a new organism, different from either parent cell.

18. The Living World Difficulties involved in studying all living things
Inaccessibility to all organisms
Some organisms are so small
Few of some species exist

19. Section 1-3 Scientific Methods Objectives
1. Define and give examples of observing, measuring, organizing and analyzing data, inferring, and modeling.
2. Explain the relationship between hypothesizing, predicting, and experimenting.
3. Explain why good communication is so important in science.
4. Describe the methods that scientists use in their work.

20. Scientific Methods
Observing

21. Scientific Methods Asking a Question/Stating the Problem
Collecting Data/Background Information
1. Observing
2. Measuring
3. Sampling
4. Organizing data using graphs, charts, tables,
or maps

22. Scientific Methods Hypothesizing Hypothesis – TESTABLE statement
Prediction – a statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis, if the hypothesis is supported
If Then . . .

23. Scientific Methods Experimenting
Process by which a hypothesis is tested under controlled conditions
Data which is collected and organized must then be analyzed

24. Scientific Methods
Drawing Conclusions If data are reliable, the hypothesis is supported If data are NOT reliable, the hypothesis is rejected Modeling and inferring may be used to help draw conclusions

25. ?? What is the difference between
Scientific Methods
A hypothesis that is repeatedly tested and supported may become a THEORY!
?? What is the difference between
a theory and a law ??

26. Scientific Methods
Communicate the results
review

27. Controlled Experiments
Two Groups
Control Group
Differs from the experimental group in only ONE way
Is used as a standard for comparison
Experimental Group
Differs from control group by one factor called the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The DEPENDENT VARIABLE is observed or measured in both groups
review

28. Section 1-4 Microscopy & Measurement Objectives
1. Compare light microscopes and electron microscopes in terms of magnification and resolution
2. Explain the advantage of using the International System of Units (SI)

29. Microscopes Magnification and Resolution
Magnification – the apparent increase in an object’s size
Resolution – the ability to see detail

30. Microscopes Light microscopes Electron microscopes
Uses light and lenses to illuminate and magnify the image
Electron microscopes
Uses a beam of electrons to magnify the image

31. Measurement Base Units Derived Units Other Units
Length, mass, time chart
Derived Units
Area, volume, mass density, specific volume, temperature
Other Units
Minute, hour, day, liter, metric ton