1. Introduction to Biology
Chapter One

2. What is Biology?
Science- an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
Biology- the study of life

3. Themes of Biology Cell Structure and Function
Stability and homeostasis
Reproduction and Inheritance
Evolution
Interdependence of organisms
Matter, energy and organization
*Can Sally Remember Every Idea Matters

4. Cell Structure and Function
Cell is the basic unit of life
Two categories
Unicellular- one cell
Multicellular- many cells
As cells develop they become different from each other (differentiation)
Source One

5. Stability and Homeostasis
Homeostasis- maintaining stable level of internal conditions
Example- body temperature
Source two

6. Reproduction and Inheritance
Reproduction- process in which new organisms are produced
DNA- form in which genetic information is passed to offspring
Two Types of Repro
Asexual- only one organism contributes
Example- bacteria
Sexual- two organisms contribute to offspring
Example- humans, frogs

7. Evolution Evolution- study of the changes in organisms over time
Natural Selection- how evolution occurs
Natural Selection acts upon characteristics that are favorable to environment leading to more reproduction

8. Interdependence of Organisms
Ecology- study of the interactions of organisms
Ecosystem- environmental community
Source three

9. Matter, Energy, Organization
Photosynthesis- process in which organisms capture energy from the sun
Process that allows all life on Earth to exist
Autotroph- organisms that make their own food from sun
Example- plants
Heterotroph- organisms that must consume others to meet energy needs
Example- humans

11. Characteristics of Life
Reproduction
All cells
Respond to environment
Energy (obtain and use)
Homeostasis
Organized with DNA
Growth and development

12. Respond to Environment
Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
All Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
Respond to Environment
Stimulus- signal to which an organisms responds
Example- temperature, moisture, predators

13. Homeostasis- stable level of internal conditions
Energy- all organisms must take in materials and energy to grow, develop, reproduce
Metabolism- sum of all the reactions occurring in the body
Homeostasis- stable level of internal conditions
DNA- universal genetic code, stores information needed to live, grow and reproduce

14. Growth and development
All organisms grow as a result of cell division and development
Cell Division- forming new cells from existing cell
Development- produced by repeated cell divisions and cell differentiation (cells becoming different from one another)
Example- heart cells, bone cells, nerve cells

15. Scientific Method Ask Question Form hypothesis
Set up controlled experiment
Record and analyze results
Draw conclusion
Publish

16. Ask Question- based on something you have seen or noticed (observation)
Form hypothesis- statement that explains the observation and can be tested (prediction or educated guess)

17. Setting up Controlled Experiment
Experiment is conducted by gathering data under controlled conditions
Control group- group that contains all the norms
Experimental group- group that has just one variable different from control
Independent variable- one factor that is purposely changed in experiment
Dependent variable-change that occurs in response to independent variable

18. Record/Analyze Results
Data-any and all information gathered to try and answer original question
Quantitative- numbers, measurements
Qualitative- descriptions of observations
Recording- done in table or chart
Analyzing- looks at data to determine trends and is reliable
Type of analysis varies depending upon experiment

19. Draw Conclusion- looks at analysis to determine if hypothesis is supported or rejected
Publish- write a scientific paper or lab report to publish in journal

20. Microscopes
Microscope- instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object
Source Four

21. Magnification- is the increase of an objects apparent size
Must multiply eyepiece with objective lens to get total magnification
Resolution- ability to show details clearly, higher resolution= better picture
Good microscopes have both high magnification and high resolution

22. Types of Microscopes
Light- uses a light source to shine through specimen
Most common type used by biologists
Electron- uses beams of electrons to produce enlarged image
Produce high magnification, but can not be living
Two types
Transmission (TEM)
Scanning (SEM)

23. Source Five

24. Measurements Metric System (SI)- system used around the world
Kept standard so no conversions are required
We will always use Metric System in class
Length- meter (m)
Mass- gram (g)
Time- seconds (s)
Volume, liquids - liter (L)
Temperature- Celsius (C )

25. Metric System All based upon the power of 10 Giga=1,000,000,000
Start at base unit, use prefixes to determine number
Example 5 kilometers; kilo=1000 so 5 km= 5000 meters
Giga=1,000,000,000
Mega= 1,000,000
Kilo= 1,000
Hecto= 100
Deka= 10
Deci= 1/10
Centi= 1/100
Milli= 1/1,000
Micro= 1/1,000,000

26. Level of Bodily Organization
Molecular- atoms together make organelles
Organelles- different parts of the cell that have specific job making up the cell
Cell- basic unit of life

27. Cont.
Tissue- group of cells working together to perform a specific function
Organ- two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function
Organ System- two or more organs working together for a common purpose

28. Organism- all the organ systems working together
Heart cell, cardiac muscle tissue, heart, circulatory system, human

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