1. Biochemistry!!!!
Chapter 3

2. Organic Chem. Review – What element is in most organic compounds?
CARBON
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Four
What type of bonds can carbon have?
Single, double or triple bonds
4 essential elements to life:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

4. Building Blocks of Organic Molecules
Monomer -
Simple molecule
Able to attach to other monomers to form polymers
Polymer -
Large molecule composed of smaller monomers
Draw picture

5. Macromolecule -
Large polymers
Important 4 macromolecules:
Carbohydrates (starch)
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

6. Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – Composed of C, H, and O
Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Animals
Short term energy use (stored as glycogen)
Stored in liver / muscles ready for use
Plants
Glucose stored as starch (ex: potatoes)
Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for structure

7. Cellulose – plant structure

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide's Examples: “One” “sugar”
Monomer of a carbohydrate
Examples:
Glucose
Fructose (from fruits)
Galactose (in milk)

9. Carbohydrates What are disaccharides? Means “Two” “Sugars”
two sugars join to form a new sugar
Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose

10. Carbohydrates What are polysaccharides? Means “many” “sugars”
Carbs. Made with more than three sugars

11. Carbohydrates - Glycogen

12. Carbohydrates Isomers – C6H12O6
same chemical formula, different structure
C6H12O6 12

13. Warm Up 10-8 What does monosaccharide mean?
What is the name of the three monomers of a carbohydrate?
How many warm ups do you have?

14. Lipids Lipids - Large non-polar organic molecules
Do not dissolve in water
Examples
fats, oils, lipids, steroids, wax and pigments
Function:
Higher number of C-H bonds than carbs = more energy
Long term energy storage
Cushions organs, warmth

15. Warm Up 10-09
What is the function of lipids? Are they polar or non-polar?
Get out assignment from yesterday
Seeds – plant (hold on for directions)

16. Warm UP 10-13
What are three examples of lipids?

17. Lipids Phospholipids Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes
Have a phosphate attached to glycerol
Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head”
Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

18. Lipids
So if we mixed phospholipids with water, how would they arrange?

19. Lipids Fatty acids - Make up most lipids Structure:
Long carbon chains – a carboxyl head
Carbon chain = non-polar = hydrophobic
Carboxyl head = polar = hydrophilic

20. Lipids
Triglyceride -
How most fats exist in body and in food
One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)

21. Book Assignment – pg 60
Please read pages 55 – 60 and answer the following questions:
#1-9 (skip #4 and #6)
Please answer on a separate sheet of paper (you’re turning this in)
Due Friday!!!

22. Warm Up 10-15 Complete the first page of the worksheet.
Check on your seeds? Any growth? Do they need water?

23. Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Usually SOLID at room temp
Single bonds creates straight chains = less room around each acid makes them soild
Butter, red meat
The bad fats – you don’t really need them (artery cloggers)

24. Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Usually LIQUID at room temp
Double bonds creates kinked chains = more room to “flow” – usually liquids
Plant oils (vegetable oil etc.)
Good fats – better for your health

26. Lipids

28. Warm Up 10-15
Compare / contrast lipids and proteins when it comes to energy use.

29. Lipids
Wax
Waterproof
Protective layer in plants in animals
Ear wax

30. Lipids Steroid Compose many hormones Made of four fused rings
Testosterone
Estrogen
Cholesterol

31. Lipids Phospholipid molecule
Lipid bylayer

32. Nucleic Acid Nucleic acid -
Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell info
What are the two nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Directs cell activities and stores info for cell
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
info for protein production

33. Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Monomer of DNA and RNA
Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

34. Proteins Protein Organic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O and N
Function:
Many body tissues: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etc
Also hormones and enzymes
Insulin
Human growth hormone

35. Proteins What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids
20 different AA’s – see them
4 basic parts:
Functional Group – gives AA it’s properties / shape
Amino Group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Hydrogen (H)
Functional group
Amino group
Carboxyl group

36. Amino Acids 20 different structures
Go back
20 different structures
64 possible nitrogenous base combinations

37. Proteins What holds proteins together? Peptide bonds
Covalent bond linking AA (throu. condensation rxn.)
Polypeptide -
Three or more bonded AA’s

38. Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme Biological catalysts – made of protein
Substrate
Reactant being changed
Active site
Place on enzyme where reaction occurs

39. Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme A A

40. Proteins

41. How do they all bond!?!? Condensation reactions!!
Condensation (dehydration) reactions –
Condensation reaction
Chemical reaction that links polymers
Each time a monomer is added, water is released
Glucose + fructose  sucrose
Take a water out
Building monomers up

42. Condensation Reaction
Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide (carbohydrate)

43. Condensation Reaction

45. How do they break down? Hydrolysis
Process of adding water molecules to more complex molecules (polymers) in order to break them down into simpler molecules (monomers).
Hydrolysis reactions –
Putting a water back in
Breaking polymers down Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction that break down polymers
Water used to break down polymer

46. Hydrolysis Reaction

47. Hydrolysis Reaction

48. http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://www. yellowtang
Under reaction types

50. The End

51. Carbohydrate Summary:
Answer the following:
1. What elements are in carbohydrates?
2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates?
3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
4. Identify three simple sugars.
5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any simple sugar?
6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other, because they have the same chemical formula?

52. Carbohydrate Summary:
7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT?
8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called?
9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!

53. Extra stuff

54. Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties Ex:
Functional groups -
Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties
Ex:
Ethanol
Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar (hydrophilic)

55. Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together
Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starch
Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up 50% of wood – hard to break down / digest

56. 56