1. Immune prophylaxis and Immunotherapy

2. Immune prophylaxis

3. I. Introduction

4. The last known person in the world to have a natural case of smallpox
The last known person in the world to have a natural case of smallpox. Variola minor in 23-year-old Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia CDC
In 1980, WHO announced that smallpox has been eradicated in the world.

5. II. Essential requirements of vaccine

6. III. Artificial active immunization
Antigen:Vaccine or Toxoid
inactivated vaccine (Dead vaccine )
Live-attenuated vaccine
Toxoid
Recombinant Vaccine:HBsAg

7. Agents used in active immunization
The agent used for artificial active immunization is called vaccine.
inactivated vaccine (Dead vaccine )
Standard strain of a microbe is killed and severed as an immunogen.
For example: cholera vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
rabies vaccine
typhoid vaccine

8. Agents used in active immunization
2. Live-attenuated vaccine
It is more effective than dead vaccine
I.E:Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine;Measles virus vaccine;Polio virus vaccine (oral);Typhoid vaccine (oral live attenuated bacteria)

9. Live attenuated vs inactivated Vaccines
Live-attenuated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines
Route
imitating natural infection
Injection
subcutaneously
Doses
small
Large
Times
once
Twice or more
Side effects
slight
severe
Duration
Long
(3~5years or life long)
Short
(months~1 years)
Mutation
possible
impossible
Preservation
4C or lymphilization
easy to preserve

10. Live attenuated vs inactivated Vaccines
Jonas Salk
Albert Sabin

11. 3. Toxoid
Exotoxin can be converted into nontoxic but still immunogenic preparations called toxoid.
Examples:Diphtheria toxoid, Tetanus toxoid

12. IV. Artificial passive immunization
Abs:Antitoxin,Human Ig(IMIG,IVIG,Specific Ig,McAb)
Cytokines(IL-2, IFN, CSF)
Cells(LAK,TIL).

14. Active immunization Passive immunization
Comparison between active and passive immunization
Active immunization Passive immunization
Administration Ag (vaccines, toxoid) Ab (antitoxin, - globulin) Production of slowly immediately immunity Duration of long (from several short (2 weeks to immunity months to years) months) Usage immunoprophylaxis emergency prophylaxis and therapy

15. V. Adjuvant
A substance that, when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.
Alum

16. VI. Planned immunization
A rational program of immunization against infectious diseases has been committed in children worldwide when many of the most damaging and preventable infections normally appear.
The program of childhood immunization is called planned immunization.

17. Planned immunization schedule in China
Age
Type of vaccine
Primary
Immunization
Birth
BCG vaccine, HBV vaccine (1st)
1 month
HBV vaccine (2nd)
2 months
Poliovirus vaccine (1st)
3 months
Poliovirus vaccine (2nd), DTP (1st)
4 months
Poliovirus vaccine (3rd), DTP (2nd)
5 months
DTP (3rd)
6 months
HBV (3rd), Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
8 months
Measles virus vaccine
1 year
Japanese encephalitis vaccine (1st and 2nd)
Booster/
reimmunization
1.5 years
DTP, Measles virus vaccine, Poliovirus vaccine, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
2 years
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
3 years
4 years
Poliovirus vaccine
5 years
DTP, Measles virus vaccine, BCG vaccine, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine

18. VII. Development of novel vaccines
Subunit vaccine
These vaccines are in use which make use of antigens either purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA technology.
e.g. HBV vaccine (HBsAg)

19. Conjugate vaccine

20. Synthetic peptide vaccine

21. Genetic engineering vaccine
Recombinant antigen vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
DNA vaccine
Transgenic plant vaccine

23. Reverse vaccinology for identification novel vaccine antigen

24. Preventative Vaccine

25. Therapeutic Vaccine

26. VIII. Challenge of vaccines
HIV HCV TB Malaria

28. Immunotherapy

29. I. Conception and classification
Name
Scope or Characteristic
immunoenhancing therapy
Infection, Tumor, IDD
immunosuppressive therapy
HVGR, GVHR, AID,
Anaphylaxis, Inflammation
active immunotherapy
Vaccine,Therapeutic Vaccine of tumor,
passive immunotherapy
Ab, LAK cell
specific immunotherapy
Peptide,antigen,
Non-specific immunotherapy
BCG, cytokines

30. II. Molecular Immunotherapy
1. Molecular Vaccine
Synthetic peptide vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
DNA vaccine
used as treatment of tumor and infection

31. II. Molecular Immunotherapy
2. Antibody-polyclonal Ab
antitoxic serum
placental gamma-globulin
antibacterial immune serum
antiviral immune serum
anti-lymphocyte gamma-globulin, ALG

32. II. Molecular Immunotherapy
2. Antibody-Monoclonal antibody, mAb
mAb against surface membrane molecules on lymphocytes：CD3，CD20,
mAb against cytokines:TNF
mAb-directed therapy
mAb coupled to isotopes, drugs, toxins

33. Application of Ab in vitro: elimination of cancer cells in bone marrow or T cells to prevention GVHD

34. Examples of tumor antigens that have been targeted by monoclonal antibodies in therapeutic trials.

35. II. Molecular Immunotherapy
2. Antibody-Genetic engineering Ab
Chimeric Ab
Humanized Ab (CDR-grafted Ab)
Single chain Ab
Bispecific Ab

37. II. Molecular Immunotherapy
3. Cytokines and their antagonists
Cytokine supplement and addition therapy
IFN, IL-2, CSF
Cytokine blockade and suppression
anti-TNF IL-1Ra sIL-1R

39. III. Cellular Immunotherapy
Cellular Vaccine
Tumor cellular vaccine
Gene-modified cancer vaccine
APC vaccine

41. III. Cellular Immunotherapy
2. Adoptive immunotherapy
TIL
LAK（CIK）
3. Stem cell transplantation
Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Umbilical blood

42. VI. Biological response modifier and immunosuppressive agent
1. Biological response modifier(BRM)
A variety of agents that stimulate the immune response non-specifically are called biological response modifier.
Microorganism products: BCG, corynebacterium parvum (CP), polysaccharide
Synthetic molecules:polyI:C CK
Hormones:Thymosin, Thymopoietin

43. Immunosuppressive agents
1. Chemicals
Glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, azothioprine, etc.
2. Microorganism products
Cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin

46. Summary
Classification of immunoprophylaxis and their biological materials
Classification of immunotherapy and their biological materials

47. Thank you for your attention!