2. Critiquing Assumptions “Total objectivity” is possible and desirable. Bias is always bad. Christian bias is especially bad.

3. “Modern” v. “Postmodern” Epistemology Modern: Knowledge is certain objective good Postmodern: Knowledge is not certain not objective not good (Millard Erickson, Postmodernizing the Faith, 1998, 84-88)

4. Christian Response? “Most Western Christians have yet to develop epistemological foundations that enable them to affirm the uniqueness of Christ as the only way to salvation and eternal life, and to witness boldly to the truth in winsome ways....

5. Christian Response? “One of the greatest challenges to the Western church is to lay again the theological foundations of the truth of the gospel and to train its members how to proclaim this with humility and love.” Paul Hiebert (Missiological Implications of Epistemological Shifts, 1999)

6. Layers of Culture World- view Values Behavior

7. Basic Worldview Questions 1. Where are we and what is this place like? 2. Who are we and where are we going? 3. What is the problem and what is right and wrong? 4. What is the solution? 5. How do we know?

8. “Modern” Answers 1. Where are we and what is this place like? In a closed universe, on a chunk of spinning space mass, the product of a natural cosmic event, which is moving away from its point of origin, perhaps indefinitely.

9. “Modern” Answers 2. Who are we and where are we going? Biological organisms, the products of remarkable evolutionary processes, who contribute to the process by spreading modernity, but whose end is personal extinction.

10. “Modern” Answers 3. What's the problem and what is right and wrong? Some people haven't evolved as much as others. Ethics is based on personal satisfaction and technological improvements.

11. “Modern” Answers 4. The solution? More science and technology. 5. How do we know? Science.

12. Christian Answers? 1. Where are we and what is this place like? In an open universe designed, created and sustained by God. But ever since the Fall, it’s not the way it’s supposed to be.

13. Christian Answers? 2. Who are we and where are we going? God’s creations, made in His image—an image distorted by sin, clarified by Jesus Christ, and restored by His redemptive work—created to enjoy His fellowship forever.

14. Christian Answers? 3. What is the problem and what is right and wrong? Sin, as defined by God Himself, is anything that is inconsistent with His nature and will.

15. Christian Answers? 4. What is the solution? Individual and collective reconciliation through Jesus and re-creation through our cooperation with the Spirit.

16. Christian Answers? 5. How do we know? God has revealed it.

17. Ways of Knowing Science Intuition Revelation Tradition? Experience?

18. Ways of Knowing REVELATION SCIENCE INTUITION PRE-MODERN

19. Ways of Knowing REVELATION SCIENCE INTUITION MODERN

20. Ways of Knowing SCIENCE REVELATION INTUITION POSTMODERN

21. Ways of Knowing REVELATION SCIENCE INTUITION CHRISTIAN

22. Colossians 2:2-3 2 My purpose is that they may be encouraged in heart and united in love, so that they may have the full riches of complete understanding, in order that they may know the mystery of God, namely, Christ, 3 in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.”

23. Ways of Knowing REVELATION SCIENCE INTUITION CHRISTIAN

24. 1 Corinthians 13:9-12 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part... 12 For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully known.

25. Are You Sure? Objectivists: assume reality is as we experience it Naïve realism (positivism): truth is knowable, perception is accurate Instrumentalism: “truth” is not the goal. Find what works. Determinism: truth is programmed

26. Are You Sure? Constructivists: assume all perceptions of reality are social constructions Radical perspectivalism: there is no truth, there is only perception Idealism: “truth” is only in the mind; should not get attached to illusory appearances

27. Are You Sure? Objectivists Constructivists Naïve realists Perspectivalists Instrumentalists Idealists Determinists

28. Culture Wars Orthodox: commitment to an external, transcendent authority Progressives: there is no clear, unchanging truth (James Davidson Hunter 1991)

29. Culture Wars

30. Is There Another Choice? Objectivists Constructivists Critical realism: recognizes that perception can be faulty and reason has its limits. But we can apprehend reality, at least to the extent that God reveals it. Critical Realists

31. “This is How We Know!” 1 John against backdrop of “gnosticism” in various forms “That which was from the beginning...” (1:1-4) “See that what you have heard from the beginning remains in you...” (2:24) “This is how we know...”

32. “This is How We Know!” But we’re not obnoxious, arrogant, or mean-spirited. We do have a testimony that is more than a good story about a good man, more than just another moral compass among many.

33. Christian Realism Critical realism Christian realism

34. Christian Realism Governing motifs: dialectic without capitulation transformation without imperialism plurality without relativism conviction without hubris (John Stackhouse, Jr., Making the Best of It, 2008)

35. Christian Way of Knowing Humble “We know in part” We are messengers We follow Jesus Confident “We know in part” We are messengers We follow Jesus