1. Giants, Dwarfs, and Bulging Eyes OH MY!
Bell
Giants, Dwarfs, and Bulging Eyes OH MY!
Read Function of Endocrine system

2. Endocrine System Function… ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Ductless
by comparison…..
EXOCRINE GLANDS – secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas)
Function of the Endocrine System – to secrete hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.
Liver bile

3. Bell…
Write down the function of the Endocrine system.

5. Hormonal Control NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example
Blood level of hormone falls
Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
Gland stimulates more hormone
When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

6. Nervous Control
– in some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)

7. Endocrine glands and exclusive function

8. Collection of small glands that regulate
Seven major glands that form the Endocrine System
1) Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal
Thyroid
Pancreas
Pineal
reproductive

9. PITUITARY GLAND (pg 2) Tiny structure the size of a grape
Located at the base of the brain
Connected to the hypothalamus
Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
(pg 2)
The “Master Gland”

10. Anterior Pituitary Lobe
GROWTH HORMONE - GH (SOMATOTROPIN) responsible for growth and development
PROLACTIN – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE – FSH -stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males
LUTEINIZING HORMONE – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females
(pg 2)

11. Posterior Pituitary Lobe
VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body
OXYTOCIN – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus
(pg 2)

12. Pineal Body Also called the pineal gland
Is located in the middle of the brain
It secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulate the wake and sleep cycle
Reseach shows that disturbance in the secretion of melatonin may be responsible for “jet lag”
- May 21, 2007

13. THYROID GLAND Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
On either side of larynx, over trachea
H-shaped
Main hormone – THYROXINE – is controlled by the secretion of TSH
Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism
CALCITONIN – controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia
(pg 2)

14. PARATHYROID GLANDS Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia

15. THYMUS Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart
Begins to disappear at puberty
(pg2)
THYMUS

16. ADRENAL GLANDS Located on top of each kidney (pg 2)
Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids – they are anti-inflammatory
They are: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
ANDROGENS are male sex hormones
Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine
ADRENALIN is a powerful cardiac stimulent – “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation

17. GONADS Ovary in female Testes in male (pg2)
Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle
Testosterone – male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

18. Workbook assignment…
Page 138
G 1 and 2

19. PANCREAS Located behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions
(pg 2)
Involved in production of INSULIN by ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Insulin – promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis

20. Calcium and glucose levels
Section 39-2
Who does what….
The Endocrine System
regulates
Growth
Water balance
Reproduction
Metabolism
Calcium and glucose levels
Response to stress
by means of the
by means of the
by means of the
by means of the
by means of the
by means of the
Pituitary
Ovaries
Testes
Thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenals
Parathyroids

21. Complete
Labeling and column one

22. assignments…. Finish the bottom of the page you labeled yesterday
Complete on your own
“Who Am I?’
Gland Alert
Word search (optional)
‘Resume brief 2:25??!
Write a Letter. Dear Dr….
TEST ON MONDAY!

23. Bell
Workbook page A 1-3

24. Other Hormones
PROSTAGLANDINS – tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor.

25. Structures of the Endocrine System

26. Endocrine Disorders GIGANTISM ACROMEGALY DWARFISM
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness
DWARFISM
Hypofunction of
pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body
proportions and intellect
are normal
Sexual immaturity
Rx – early diagnosis,
injection
of growth hormone
ACROMEGALY
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet
Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge
Rx – drugs to
inhibit growth
hormone, radiation

27. HYPERTHYROIDISM
Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of gland
People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight
Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS)
Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Not enough thyroxine secreted
May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symps – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

28. TETANY
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves
Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

29. DIABETES MELLITUS Caused by  secretion of insulin
Can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent
Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria)
Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat
If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypogycemia  insulin shock)
If blood sugar gets too high – hyperglycemia  diabetic coma
Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet
Tests for Diabetes – blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar mg

30. How Insulin Works

31. BLOOD GLUCOSE

32. Cushing’s Syndrome Hyperfunction of the Adrenal
Hypersecretion of the glococorticoid hormones. Could be caused by an adrenal tumor or longterm use of steroids. S&S include hypertension, muscle weakness, obesity, excessive hair growth and rounded “moon” face.
TX. Removal of tumor or DC steroids

33. Addison’s Disease Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex
S&S: Excessive pigmentation/’bronzing’ of skin Hypoglycemia, hypotension, wt. loss
Tx. Replacement of Hormone’s
United States President John F. Kennedy was one of the best-known Addison's disease sufferers. He was possibly one of the first Addison’s to survive major surgery. There was substantial secrecy surrounding his health during his years as president

34. Assignments… 1) Dear___________
Write a letter and print it, follow rubric in packet
Choose one of our seven disorders
2) Make sure you have filled in the right hand column of c. ”disorders”

35. Bell Complete Workbook page 139 J and 140 L
Make sure your name is on your packet and your Dear Dr letter is attached!