1. Activity Without checking the text how many functions can you identify by linking each one with the following clues Without checking the text how many functions can you identify by linking each one with the following clues Production Production Cells Cells Regulation Regulation Buffering Buffering Transport Transport fuel fuel

2. Protein: an energy yielding nutrient composed of CarbonOxygenHydrogenNitrogen

3. Fill in the blank DNA : proteins :: _____: model airplane kit DNA : proteins :: _____: model airplane kit Amino acids : proteins :: ____:alphabet Amino acids : proteins :: ____:alphabet

4. Amino Acids- building blocks of protein Protein is broken down by enzymes and absorbed by the body as amino acids Protein is broken down by enzymes and absorbed by the body as amino acids 20 common amino acids 20 common amino acids –9 essential- body cannot produce, must be present in the diet –11 non-essential- body can produce; not necessary in the diet

5. Denaturation When protein molecules change their shape and take on new characteristics When protein molecules change their shape and take on new characteristics Heat, acids, bases, and alcohol all effect denaturation Heat, acids, bases, and alcohol all effect denaturation Stomach acids break down protein to be used by the body Stomach acids break down protein to be used by the body

6. Think Steak!

7. Protein provides building material for body tissues Muscles Muscles Enzymes Enzymes Hormones Hormones Connective tissue Connective tissue Antibodies Antibodies Red blood cells Red blood cells

8. BUILD AND MAINTAIN T I S S U E BUILD AND MAINTAIN T I S S U E »makes up 18-20% of your body »% of where body protein can be found: muscle 50%, bone 20%, skin 10%, other 20% »Needed to create new tissues during the growth years

9. MAKE IMPORTANT C O M P O U N D S »Antibodies »Enzymes »Hormones (insulin)

10. Regulation REGULATE MINERAL AND BODY FLUIDS: PLAY A ROLE IN SODIUM/POTASIUM BALANCE IN THE CELLS; THIS BALANCE IS NEEDED FOR NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE HEART, LIVER, ETC. REGULATE MINERAL AND BODY FLUIDS: PLAY A ROLE IN SODIUM/POTASIUM BALANCE IN THE CELLS; THIS BALANCE IS NEEDED FOR NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE HEART, LIVER, ETC.

11. Buffer MAINTAIN ACID BASE BALANCE: proteins act as a chemical buffer. MAINTAIN ACID BASE BALANCE: proteins act as a chemical buffer. Prevents the blood from becoming too acidic or alkaline. Prevents the blood from becoming too acidic or alkaline.

12. Transport CARRY VITAL SUBSTANCES: proteins linked w/ fats form Lipoproteins, the compounds used to carry fat into the bloodstream. CARRY VITAL SUBSTANCES: proteins linked w/ fats form Lipoproteins, the compounds used to carry fat into the bloodstream. Oxygen Oxygen

13. Energy Provides 4 calories per gram of protein Provides 4 calories per gram of protein

14. Protein quality High quality proteins contain all essential amino acids in amounts needed to support protein tissue formation. High quality proteins contain all essential amino acids in amounts needed to support protein tissue formation. –Missing amino acids = no tissue formation

15. Complete proteins Contain all 9 essential amino acids. Contain all 9 essential amino acids. Are found in animal products, such as meat, eggs and milk. Are found in animal products, such as meat, eggs and milk.

16. Incomplete proteins Deficient in one or more essential amino acids. Deficient in one or more essential amino acids. Eating incomplete proteins that are deficient in different amino acids in the same meal compliment each other and make a complete protein. Eating incomplete proteins that are deficient in different amino acids in the same meal compliment each other and make a complete protein. PLANT SOURCES OF PROTEIN: legumes (peanuts, lentils, chickpeas, soy, tofu), whole wheat PLANT SOURCES OF PROTEIN: legumes (peanuts, lentils, chickpeas, soy, tofu), whole wheat

17. Protein in the diet Nitrogen equilibrium: PRO in = PRO out Nitrogen equilibrium: PRO in = PRO out 70% of protein in the American diet comes from animal products. 70% of protein in the American diet comes from animal products. Plant protein sources are usually lower in fat. Plant protein sources are usually lower in fat. Protein deficient diets: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Protein deficient diets: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) –Kwashiorkor- protein deficient –Marasmus- protein-calorie deficient –Both are usually accompanied by other nutrient deficiencies

18. Excess Protein in the Diet –LIVER AND KIDNEY PROBLEMS –CALCIUM LOSS: bone weakening –EXCESS BODY FAT: converts to fat,

19. HOW MUCH PROTEIN DO YOU NEED? RDA: 52-46grams RDA: 52-46grams 10%-35% of your RDA 10%-35% of your RDA MEETING THE PROTEIN RDA MEETING THE PROTEIN RDA –Follow the FGP –Milk and meat groups are your primary source –Go low on saturated fat. –Limit red meat—and avoid processed meat. –Balance carbs and protein –Choose low fat protein foods –Trim off fat from meat sources –Use low fat cooking techniques –Avoid high fat oils, sauces, and gravies

20. Vegetarian Diets With a little planning, diets that contain only plant foods can provide enough protein. With a little planning, diets that contain only plant foods can provide enough protein. What are the main reasons a person chooses to become vegetarian? What are the main reasons a person chooses to become vegetarian?

21. Vegetarianism For most of the world’s people, vegetarianism is not a choice. For most of the world’s people, vegetarianism is not a choice. People who choose to be vegetarians tend to be health conscious individuals who also avoid alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and who participate in regular physical activity. People who choose to be vegetarians tend to be health conscious individuals who also avoid alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and who participate in regular physical activity. People may become vegetarian for health, religious, cultural or environmental reasons or to not harm animals. People may become vegetarian for health, religious, cultural or environmental reasons or to not harm animals.

22. Types of vegetarians “Far” vegetarians “Far” vegetarians –no red meat (fish and poultry OK) “Quasi-vegetarians “Quasi-vegetarians –no red meat, may or may not include poultry Lacto-ovo vegetarians Lacto-ovo vegetarians –No meats, poultry, fish but include eggs and dairy Lactovegetarian Lactovegetarian –Plant and dairy products only Macrobiotic Macrobiotic –Plant products and fish only Vegan Vegan –Only plant products- may avoid honey and clothes made from animal products Fruitarian- only fruits and olive oil Fruitarian- only fruits and olive oil

23. Vegetarian diets and health Appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, are nutritionally adequate, and provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. –Position of the American Dietetic Association, 1997

24. Health benefits of vegetarian diets Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing: Vegetarians have a lower risk of developing: –Heart disease –Stroke –Hypertension –Diabetes –Chronic bronchitis –Gallstones –Kidney stones –Colon cancer

25. Complimenting proteins Dried beans + grains = complete protein Dried beans + grains = complete protein Seeds + dried beans = complete protein Seeds + dried beans = complete protein –Bean burrito on corn or wheat tortilla –Peanut butter sandwich –Red beans and rice –Hummus and bread –Black-eyed peas and corn –Lima beans and corn succotash)

26. Diet recommendations for vegetarians Choose a variety of foods. Choose a variety of foods. Choose whole, unrefined foods often. Choose whole, unrefined foods often. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables. If animal products are used, choose lower-fat versions. If animal products are used, choose lower-fat versions. Vegans should include B12 in their diets and Vitamin D if sun exposure is limited. Vegans should include B12 in their diets and Vitamin D if sun exposure is limited. Do not restrict dietary fat in children younger than two years. Do not restrict dietary fat in children younger than two years.

27. Misinformation on vegetarian diets They are health-promoting They are health-promotingBUT…… They cannot cure cancer. They cannot cure cancer. They cannot cure AIDS. They cannot cure AIDS. They don’t lead to inner peace or spiritual renewal. They don’t lead to inner peace or spiritual renewal. They are not magic bullets that will cure all ills. They are not magic bullets that will cure all ills.

28. What are the extra vitamin and mineral needs for vegetarians? Proteinsources

29. Vitamin B12 Present only in animal products Present only in animal products Can obtain from B12 fortified soy milk, breakfast cereal, or B12 supplements Can obtain from B12 fortified soy milk, breakfast cereal, or B12 supplements

30. Vitamin D Sun is a main source Sun is a main source Dairy products are a main source Dairy products are a main source If sunlight is limited and dairy products are not consumed, a Vitamin D supplement is recommended. If sunlight is limited and dairy products are not consumed, a Vitamin D supplement is recommended. Vitamin D is very toxic at levels 2-3 times the RDA. Avoid over-supplementation. Vitamin D is very toxic at levels 2-3 times the RDA. Avoid over-supplementation.

31. Calcium Dairy products are the main source of calcium in the diet. Dairy products are the main source of calcium in the diet. Dark leafy greens and dried beans are OK sources of calcium. Dark leafy greens and dried beans are OK sources of calcium. Calcium-fortified orange juice and soy milk may be used to increase calcium intake. Calcium-fortified orange juice and soy milk may be used to increase calcium intake.

32. Zinc Zinc is abundant in plant sources but is poorly absorbed. Zinc is abundant in plant sources but is poorly absorbed. Whole grains, dried beans, fortified cereals, and zinc supplements can be used. Whole grains, dried beans, fortified cereals, and zinc supplements can be used.

33. Why is fish a good protein choice? Fish Fish Is there Is there any risk?