1. NEXT Section 1 India’s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires, but neither unifies India permanently.

2. NEXT The Mauryan Empire Is Established India’s First Empires Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes power, starts Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India united for first time Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army SECTION 1 Running the Empire Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government He divides the government to make it easier to rule Continued... Map

3. NEXT continued The Mauryan Empire Is Established SECTION 1 Life in the City and the Country A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., 32 years Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height Image Asoka Promotes Buddhism After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions Builds roads, with wells along them

4. NEXT A Period of Turmoil SECTION 1 The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire Asoka dies in 232 B.C. ; kingdoms in central India soon break away The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries Northern India receives immigrants from Greece, other parts of Asia Tamils—a people living in southern India— remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples

5. NEXT The Gupta Empire Is Established SECTION 1 Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north India in A.D. 320 Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest Continued... Map

6. NEXT Daily Life in India Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father continued The Gupta Empire Is Established SECTION 1 Continued...

7. NEXT Height of the Gupta Empire Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415 He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines continued The Gupta Empire Is Established SECTION 1

8. NEXT Indian religions, culture, and science evolve and spread to other regions through trade. Section 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture

9. NEXT Buddhism and Hinduism Change Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture Traditional Hindu and Buddhist Beliefs Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in many gods To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering can be overcome SECTION 2 Continued...

10. NEXT continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change SECTION 2 A More Popular Form of Buddhism Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential Buddhas who save humanity Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new doctrines of worship, salvation Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original teachings of Buddha Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas— stone structures over relics Continued... Image

11. NEXT continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change A Hindu Rebirth Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan Empire Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of one divine force Chief gods: Brahma—creator of the world Vishnu—preserver of the world Shiva—destroyer of the world SECTION 2 Image

12. NEXT Achievements of Indian Culture Literature and the Performing Arts Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s greatest writers His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still popular Madurai writing academies create literature; 2,000 Tamil poems survive Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and travel widely SECTION 2 Continued...

13. NEXT continued Achievements of Indian Culture Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world is round Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal system Doctors write medical guides and make advances in surgery SECTION 2

14. NEXT The Spread of Indian Trade India’s Valuable Resources India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and good quality wood Overland Trade, East and West Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and Europe Indians build trading posts to take advantage of the Silk Roads SECTION 2 Sea Trade, East and West Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia Continued... Image

15. NEXT continued The Spread of Indian Trade Effects of Indian Trade Increased trade leads to rise of banking Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree of risk Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other places Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands SECTION 2 Interactive