1. Community Ecology

2. Species Interactions Predators vs. Parasites How is mimicry used?
Plant defenses
Competition
Mutalism vs. Commensalism

3. Predation Predators capture, kills and consumes prey
Regulates pop. Size
Think: what examples of adaptations that improve a predators abilities can you think of?
Poison, webs, teeth, comouflage

4. Prey defenses

5. Mimicry
A harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species
King Snakes vs. Coral Snakes (found in S. US)
Bees and wasps
"If red touches black, it's OK, Jack. If red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow.“
"Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, okay jack."

6. Left Monarchs eat poison Milkweed
Right Viceroys are harmless

7. Plant-Herbivore interactions
Plant defense?
Thorns, spikes, tough leaves,
Chemical defenses: Secondary Compounds that are poisonous, irritating or bad tasting
Strychnine
Nicotine
Poison Ivy/ Oak
Devil’s Club
Devil’s walking stick

8. Parasites and Hosts One organisms is harmed, and the other benefits
Usually does not immeadiately kill host
Ectoparasites: external
Ticks, fleas, lice
Endoparasites: internal
Bacteria, malaria, tapeworms
Tapeworms don’t even need a digestive system, since they get food from hosts
Parasites and Hosts

9. Competition Niches overlap Resources are limited
Happens between plants
What do plants compete for?
Light, water, nutrients
How do plants compete?
Herbicides, creosote, out growing

10. Competitive Exclusion
One species uses resources more efficiently and has a reproductive advantage that eventually drives out another species from a habitat.

11. tidal zonation of Chthamalus and Balanus (barnacles) is the result of competition and what environment each can tolerate. Competition for space, however, was responsible for the sharp boundary between the two species.

13. A scientist grew 2 species of Galium (Bedstraw)
The presence/absence of a species determined by competition with other species;
(2) that conditions of the environment (in this case, soil type) affected the outcome of competition;
(3) that competition might be felt very broadly at first (i.e., from other vegetation throughout the community); and
(4) that the present ecological segregation of species might have resulted from competition in the past

14. Avoiding competition
Niche Differences or anatomical differences evolve that lessen competition
Character displacement
A bunch of finches live in the same area but have dif. beaks and eat slightly dif foods.
Resource Partitioning
I’ll use this part of the resource, you use that part.

15. Mutualism: A cooperative relationship in which both species benefit
Ants live in the bull horn acacia plant 
Ants get food from plant and protect it
Pollination: Bees and flowers
Us and the gardens in our guts
Commensalism: one species benefits and the other is not affected
Little birds follow around buffalo and eat insects they scare up
Remora fish

16. Side note The African (cape) Buffalo
Takes several lions to bring one down
Very Aggressive, Known as the “black death”
Once wounded, have doubled back and ambushed hunters