1. Welcome to Physics!! Day One Agenda:  Who are we?  Formalities  Syllabus: Online!  Books, Reference Tables  Tissues = Gold  What is Physics?  Unit 1 !!!

2. Scientific Calculators ► Texas Instruments = Good ► Casio = Garbage MediocreBest!! TI-30XIIS Target Practice

3. Quiz! ► Doesn’t Count (except if not complete) ► Try ALL Questions ► Used as a status indicator

4. Topic Pre-I: Measurement and Mathematics  What do we use to measure Physics?  How are accuracy and precision different?  What is scientific notation?  How can quantities be represented on graphs? Essential Questions

5. I. Units A. “Comparison to a known standard” B. MOST numbers have a unit and they MUST be written (usually a symbol) C. The SI System 1. Used everywhere

6. 2. Fundamental Units: Simplest Examples: Meters (m)Seconds (s) Examples: Meters (m)Seconds (s) 3. Derived Units: put two or more fundamental units together Example: Example: Force = = Newtons (N) kilogram meter second 2 kg m s 2 s 2 F =

7. 4. Fundamental Prefixes: PRT’s Front Cover!

8. D. Addition and Subtraction require all quantities to have the same units Example: Example: 200km + 34000m = ? Should Be: 200 km + 34 km = ? 200 km + 34 km = ? or: 200,000 m + 34,000 m = ?

9. II. Measurements, Units, & Instruments LengthMassTimeForce Name of Instrument Ruler Triple Beam Balance Stopwatch/Clock Spring Scale (m) (kg) (s) (N)

10. Name of Instrument VolumeTemperature Graduated Cylinder Thermometer (L) (K) (°C)

11. Name of Instrument AnglesElectricityProtractor Voltmeter Ammeter (°) (V) or (A)

12. Journal #18/28/13 ► What is 6.37 x 10 5 m in standard form? ► What is 0.0000000000667 in scientific notation? ► How many megameters are in 5,500,000 m? ► How many kilometers are in 5,500,000 m? ► Which of these is NOT a fundamental unit?  meters, Newtons, meters per second, kilograms

13. III. AKA: Sig Figs PRESERVE ACCURACY!! A. The Rules 1. All NON-Zero digits are significant 2. Zeros before a nonzero are NOT significant 0.005 cm 0.005 cm ONE significant digit 0.75 cm 0.75 cm TWO significant digits

14. 3. Zeros between two nonzero digits ARE significant 25,001 Ω 25,001 Ω FIVE significant digits 0.203 kg 0.203 kg THREE significant digits 4. Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit ARE significant if followed by a decimal or are to the right of a decimal 30 sec 30 sec 40. sec 40. sec 10.0 sec 10.0 sec 3.600 sec 3.600 sec ONE TWO THREE FOUR

15. 5. Correct number of Significant Digits is always shown automatically when scientific notation is used Example: 2.45 x 10 8 has 3 sig figs 6. Operations using sig figs One Rule: Final answers have the same number of significant digits as the LEAST sensitive measurement (lowest number of sig digs) One Rule: Final answers have the same number of significant digits as the LEAST sensitive measurement (lowest number of sig digs)

16. Add: 420 cm 0.515 m 0.80 m Example

17. B. Estimating Orders of Magnitude 1. Always think in powers of 10  10 3 = 100010 1 = 10 10 0 = 110 -2 = 0.01etc. 10 0 = 110 -2 = 0.01etc. 2. Examples: a pencil is closest to _____ kilograms a pencil is closest to _____ kilograms the distance from Arlington to Carrollton is closest to _____ kilometers the distance from Arlington to Carrollton is closest to _____ kilometers

18. Journal #28/29/13 ► What is 4.98 x 10 9 m in standard form? ► How many gigameters is the above distance? ► How many megameters is the above distance? ► How many kilometers is the above distance? ► How many significant figures are in each of the numbers below?  100,000,005 m8.621 x 10 3 V  30.0000 s200 s ► Add: 2.3 km, 3500 m, and 4.625 km With proper sig figs!!

19. IV. Precision vs. Accuracy A. Precise = measurements with great detail (More decimal places) B. Accurate = Acceptable, consistent measurements (close to the scientifically proven values)

20. A. Vectors are arrows that represent actual measurements to scale Example: Let 1 meter = 1 centimeter Example: Let 1 meter = 1 centimeter Therefore: 50 m would be a 50 cm arrow V. The number of a vector is its magnitude The number of a vector is its magnitude

21. B. Vectors have both magnitude and direction Examples: Examples:  velocity  force 22 m/s East 45 N at 30 o C. Scalars: values that only have magnitudes (a certain number of something) Examples: Examples:  time  mass 30 Seconds 100 Kilograms

22. D. Vector Combination 1. Can involve both addition and subtraction 2. Resultant: A combination of two or more vectors 3. Vectors are always combined tip to tail (start of one to end of other) + = Resultant

23. 4. If vectors are acting in different directions, find the difference in magnitudes and combine tip to tail to find the direction  resultant points the same direction as the largest vector + = ? = Resultant

24. 5. Vectors at angles to each other are still combined tip to tail!  angles of vectors must be preserved

25.  The resultant connects the beginning of the first vector to the end of the last vector

26.  Most cases only involve two vectors

27.  sometimes there can be multiple vectors involved, but the process stays the same! Resultant

28.  Graphical vector combination can be done using metric rulers and protractors!  Graphical vector combination can be done using metric rulers and protractors!

29. Journal #38/30/13 ► Find the hypoteneus in the following triangle! ► Then use “trig” to find the angle! 10m 18m

30. Journal #49/3/13 ► Find the hypotenuse and adjacent side in the following triangle if the angle θis 22.6° 5m ? ? θ

31. E. Breaking Down Vectors 1. It is MUCH easier to combine vectors using horizontal and vertical components 2.horizontal component = X component vertical component = Y component

32. 3. X and Y components can be combined + = + = All X components are Horizontal All Y components are Vertical

33. 4. Diagram of Vector C and Its X – Y Components Horizontal Component   Vertical Component  subscripts on the components differentiate them from the original vector C 

34. 6. Horizontal and Vertical components make a right triangle so any side can be found cos θ = A/H Adjacent = A x Hypotenuse = A A x = A cosθ sin θ = O/H Opposite = A y Hypotenuse = A A y = A sinθ

35. 7. Example : Ali drags a heavy box with a tensional force that acts up to the right at an angle of 40 degrees. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the force?

36. 1. Used to express very large and very small quantities 2. General Form: A x 10 n A is a number between 1 and 10 A is a number between 1 and 10 n is a “power” equal the number of places to move the decimal point n is a “power” equal the number of places to move the decimal point  + for numbers greater than 1  - for numbers less than 1 VI. Scientific Notation

37. 4. Multiplying and Dividing Sci. Notation Rules: Rules:  To multiply, add powers of ten (the n’s) and multiply the other numbers (the A’s)  To divide, subtract the powers of ten (the n’s) and divide the other numbers (the A’s) 3. Adding and Subtracting Sci. Notation  make the powers of ten (n’s) the same and then just add (the A’s) together

38. Examples:100 = 100,000 = 0.001 =

39. Addition Example: 2.1 x 10 5 kg + 8.7 x 10 4 kg  Final Answer: 2.97 x 10 5 kg

40. Multiplication/Division Examples:  Multiply: (1.5 x 10 5 km) (2.8 x 10 3 km)  Divide: (1.5 x 10 5 km) (2.8 x 10 3 km)

41. VII. The Trig of Physics A. Right Triangles are used VERY OFTEN in Physics

42. B. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for the length of a missing side Formula:

43. C. Angle Trig SOH CAH TOA Oscar Had A Heap Of Apples

44.  How on Earth do you remember all that??? It’s in the PRT’s!!! (page 5)

45. VIII. Graphs A. Format

46. B. Vocabulary Direct Interpolate Direct Interpolate Indirect Extrapolate Indirect Extrapolate Static Slope Static Slope Cyclic Cyclic Direct Squared Direct Squared Indirect Squared Indirect Squared

47. Frequency (Hz) Energy of a Photon (J) the slope of the graph is which means that the slope is proportional to

48. Elongation (m) Force of a Spring (N) the slope of the graph is which means that the slope is proportional to

49. the slope of the graph is which means that the slope is proportional to Force (N) Acceleration (m/s 2 )

50. Current (A) Potential Difference (V) ► Look up the symbols on the PRT’s for the variables shown on the graph below… then show the slope of the graph using the slope formula. ► Explain the significance of the slope of the graph ► State the relationship shown on the graph along with the type of relationship. Journal #X9/10/13