1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Lecture Population and Health The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Outcomes 2.1.1: Describe regions where population is clustered and where it is sparse. Identify the most populated regions. 2.1.2: Define three types of density used in population geography. Analyze and describe contributing factors of population concentrations.

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issues Where is the world population distributed? Why is global population increasing? Why does population growth vary among regions? Why do some regions face health threats?

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Outcomes 2.3.1: Describe the four stages of the demographic transition. 2.3.2: Summarize two approaches to reducing birth rates. 2.3.3: Summarize Malthus’s argument about the relationship between population and resources. 2.3.4: Summarize the possible stage 5 of the demographic transition.

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Outcomes 2.4.1: Summarize the four stages of the epidemiologic transition. 2.4.2: Summarize the reasons for a possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition. 2.4.3: Understand reasons for variations in health care.

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Population Concentrations –2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions. East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe –Site and Situation of Population Clusters Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?

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9. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? Sparsely Populated Regions –Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments. Dry Lands Wet Lands Cold Lands High Lands –Places considered too harsh for occupancy have diminished over time. Places of permanent human settlement are termed the ecumene.

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11. Population Density –Density can be computed in up to three ways for a place. 1.Arithmetic Density –Total number of objects in an area –Computation: Divide the population by the land area 2.Physiological Density –Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land –Computation: Divide the population by the arable land area 3.Agricultural Density –Ratio of the number of farmers to amount of arable land –Computation: Divide the population of farmers by the arable land area Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?

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15. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Components of Population Growth –Geographers measure population change in a country or the world as a whole by using three measures: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – total number of live birth in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. Crude Death Rate (CDR) – total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) – percentage by which a population grows in a year. –Computation: CBR – CDR = NIR »Remember NIR is a percentage ( n per 100, while CBR and CDR are expressed as n per 1,000)

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17. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Components of Population Growth –Natural Increase About 82 million people are added to the population of the world annually. Rate of natural increase affects the doubling time– number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. –Twenty-First Century Rate (1.2 percent): 54 years »Global population in 2100 would reach 24 billion. –1963 (2.2): 35 years »Global population in 2010 would have been 10 billion instead of nearly 7 billion. More than 95 percent of the natural increase is clustered in developing countries.

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19. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Components of Population Growth –Fertility Total Fertility Rate (TFR) –Measure also used by geographers to measure number of births in a society. –Defined as the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15–49) –TFR for world is 2.5. –TFR exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, while 2 or less in nearly all European countries.

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Components of Population Growth –Mortality Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) –Measure used by geographers to better understand death rates in a society –Defined as the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births –Usually expressed per 1,000 births rather than a percentage –IMR is 5 in developed countries and 80 in sub-Saharan Africa.

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23. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Summary of Spatial Patterns –Developed Countries Lower rates of… –Natural increase –Crude birth –Total fertility –Infant mortality –Developing Countries Higher rates of… –Natural increase –Crude birth –Total fertility –Infant mortality

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25. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Population Structure –A special bar graph known as a population pyramid can visually display a country’s distinctive population structure. X-axis –Percent male displayed to the left of zero –Percent female displayed to the right of zero Y-axis –Age cohorts typically grouped in 5-year intervals –Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top

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27. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Population Structure –Dependency Ratio Defined as the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. –People aged 0 to 14 and over 65 years old are considered dependents. –Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class. »85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe.

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Global Population Increasing? Population Structure –Sex Ratio Defined as the number of males per 100 females in the population –Developed countries have more females than males, because they tend to live 7 years longer.

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30. Review: 3 Densities Review: Arithmetic Density: # people/unit area of land *large density=more people in more places Physiological Density: #people supported by /unit area of arable land large density=more pressure to produce food from the land for people) Agricultural Density: # farmers / unit area of arable land *large density= requires more work to produce food from the land for people *Developed countries have low agricultural densities. Why? *Why would geographers compare physiological and agricultural densities of various countries? *Why would geographers compare physiological and arithmetic densities of various countries?

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Review: Example: Egypt vs. Netherlands vs. U.S.  Egypt has both a large agricultural and physiological density.  The Netherlands has a large physiological, but low agricultural density.  Egypt has a low arithmetic density.  What can geographers tell about the difference between Egypt and the Netherlands?  Why does Egypt have high agricultural and physiological densities, but a low arithmetic density? How might it create a problem?  Do you think the U.S. has high or low densities in arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural? Why?

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Current Events Assignment:  Brief summary of article – 5-7 sentences (not more nor less)  All answers should be written in complete sentences.  For additional comments, include your opinion on the issue and explain what you learned. There is no limit here.  Each time a current event assignment is due, I will choose 3 random students to present their article.  Be sure to have a clear understanding and enough information to explain to the class.  Presentations should be at least 2 minutes (that’s a longer time than it sounds).  Suggested websites include: BBCNews.com CNNStudentNews.com PBR.org Dailymail.co.uk

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 1-2 Check up: 1.What type of density is also known as population density? (it’s one of the 3 types) 2.List 3 different rates of population growth geographers use to measure the population of a country or the world as a whole. 3.What is the difference between a population’s structure vs. a population’s growth rate? Give an example of each. 4.What type of information does a population pyramid display? 5.Developed countries have lower rates of: (4 answers) 6.Developing countries have higher rates of: (4 answers) 7.Developing countries have a lower rate of than developed countries. 8.What is the difference between physiological density and agricultural density? 9.As the natural increase rate increases, the doubling time of that country. 10.How is the natural increase rate computed? (what’s the formula?)

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 1-2 Check up: 1.Arithmetic 2.Crude birth rate, Crude death rate, Natural Increase Rate 3.Structure- what type of people in the population Ex: Dependency ratio, sex ratio Growth –how the population increases Ex: Crude birth rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality 4. Amount of males and females in a population shown by age in 5 year increments 5. Developed countries have lower rates of: a. natural increaseb. crude birth c. infant mortalityd. total fertility 6.Developing countries have higher rates of: same answer as #5 7.Crude death 8.Physiological = # people/arable land; Agricultural= #farmers/arable land 9.Decreases 10.CBR-CDR=NIR

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Demographic Transition –It is a model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country. –Historically, no country has ever reverted back to a previous stage. Thus, the model can be thought to have a beginning, middle, and an end. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

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37. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? The Demographic Transition –Stage 1: Low Growth Marked by very high birth and death rates. –No long-term natural increase –No country presently is in Stage 1 –Stage 2: High Growth Marked by rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates –High natural increase –Europe and North America entered stage 2, as a result of the industrial revolution (~1750). –Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 around 1950, as a result of medical revolution-improved medical care.

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Demographic Transition –Stage 3: Moderate Growth Marked by rapid decline in birth rates and steady decline in death rates –Natural increase is moderate. »Gap between CBR and CDR is narrower in stage 3 countries than stage 2 countries. Population grows, because CBR is still greater than CDR. Most European countries and North America transitioned to stage 3, during first half of twentieth century. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Demographic Transition –Stage 4: Low Growth Marked by very low birth and death rates –No long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease Country reaches stage 4 when population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR. –Condition known as zero population growth (ZPG) »Demographers more precisely define ZPG as the TFR that produces no population change. Population change results from immigration. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Declining Birth Rates –Two Successful Strategies for Lowering Birth Rates 1.Improving Education and Health Care –Emphasizes improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates. 2.Contraception –More immediate results reaped than previous approach –Met with greater resistance, because it goes against cultural or religious beliefs of some. »Roman Catholics, fundamentalist Protestants, Muslims, and Hindus. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

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43. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? Malthus on Overpopulation –He claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply. –Malthus’s Critics Many geographers consider his beliefs too pessimistic. –Malthus’s theory based on idea that world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding. Many disagree that population increase is not a problem. –Larger populations could stimulate economic growth, and therefore, production of more food. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? Malthus on Overpopulation –Theory and Reality Food production has increased over last 50 years faster than Malthus predicted. His model predicted world population to quadruple over the course of 50 years. –Not even in India has population growth outpaced food production. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

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46. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? Population Futures –Demographic Transition Possible Stage 5: Decline Characterized by… –Very low CBR –Increasing CDR »More elderly people than young persons –Negative NIR –Over time, few young women in child-bearing years »Contributing to ever falling CBR Several European countries already have negative NIR. –Russia is most notable hosting a negative NIR for 50 years. Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions?

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? Epidemiologic Transition –Medical researches have identified an epidemiologic transition that focuses on distinct health threats in each stage of the demographic transition. –Formulated by epidemiologist, Abdel Omran in 1971 –Epidemiologists study why and how diseases spread and how to prevent and control diseases –Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR) Principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic diseases –Ex. black plague (bubonic plague) rats to fleas to humans; villages to towns to ships to coastlines to new villages –½ Europe’s population died 1347-1350 –13 million deaths in China by 1380 –Malthus called these pandemics- “natural checks”

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? Epidemiologic Transition –Stage 2: Receding Pandemic (Rapidly Declining CDR) Pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Factors that reduced spread of disease, during the industrial revolution –Improved sanitation –Improved nutrition –Improved medicine ***However, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution disease still spread because of the large amount of poor people in the cities.  Example: Cholera pandemic in London in mid nineteenth century that diffused through contaminated water pumps and sewerage systems poorly constructed in urban areas because of the massive amount of people in cities.  Today countries in SubSaharan Africa and South Asia experience cholera. – Tropical Climate

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50. Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? Epidemiologic Transition –Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately Declining CDR) –Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases. –Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging. »Cardiovascular diseases »Cancer *SubSaharan Africa and South Asia have low rates of these diseases. Why? –Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR) –Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed because of modern medicine treatments. –Life expectancy with these diseases is extended, especially with nutrition and exercise. –With poor diet and lack of exercise comes obesity.

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53. Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? Infectious Diseases –Reasons for Possible Stage 5 Evolution –Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides. –Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributes to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria. Poverty –Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of presence of unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs needed for treatment. Increased Connections –Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, makes it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms.

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55. Indicators of a country’s health: Health Care- Health conditions vary around the world, primarily, because countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick. Two indicators of a country’s health: 1.Infant Mortality Rate- annual # of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 2.Life Expectancy- average # of years an infant will live at mortality level  High IMR and Low LE – developing  Low IMR and High LE – developed  This reflects the levels of wealth and medical advancements of a region.

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Developed Countries: Health Care Systems Developed Countries 1.IMR = 5 deaths per 1000 infants 2.LE = 80 3.7% of children are not immunized for measles 4.Annual per capita (per person) for healthcare = over $1000 in Europe and $5000 in U.S.; and exceed 15% of government spending. 5.50 hospital beds and 30 physicians per 10,000 in Europe 6.European government health care programs pay 70% and private programs only 30% of costs. 7.The U.S. government health care programs pay only 45% of costs and private pay around 55%.  Why might levels of hospital beds and physicians be lower in North America than other European countries?

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Developing Countries: Health Care Systems Developing Countries: LDCs = less developed countries 1.IMR= 80 deaths per 1000 infants 2.LE = 60 or less in Sub-Saharan Africa 3.17% of children are not immunized against measles 4.Annual per capita spending on health care is less than $100 and the government spends less than 5% 5.20 hospital beds and less than 5 physicians per 10,000. 6.Government health care programs pay less than 50% of costs.

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Discussion questions: Why do men have lower life expectancies than women in most countries? Why is Sub-Saharan Africa’s track towards overpopulation “already irreversible”? What is the relationship between carry capacity and the CBR of Sub-Saharan Africa?  Carry capacity is the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain.

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary In Summary: 1.Global population is concentrated in a few places that are not too wet, too dry, too cold, or too mountainous. 2.Nearly all NIR is concentrated in developing countries. 3.Developed countries have a stable population, if not slightly declining. 4.Population growth varies among regions, because not all countries are in the same stage of the demographic transition model. 5.Intimately connected to the demographic transition model is the epidemiologic transition model that helps to explain why different regions face varying health threats.

60. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bell Ringer: October 1, 2015  Take out your Key Issue 4 review answers. Today’s Outcomes:  Summarize reasons for variations in health between less and more developed countries.  Compare and contrast the demographic transition model and the epidemiologic transition model.  Evaluate how and why the epidemiologic transition model is helpful to geographers. Essential Question: How can using the epidemiologic transition model help geographers to better understand various regions of the world?

61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 4 Self Check In: 1.ETM Stage 1 characteristics: Example answer- Pestilence & Famine; High CDR 2.ETM Stage 2 characteristics: 3.ETM Stage 3 characteristics: 4.ETM Stage 4 characteristics: 5.In which stage are these diseases/viruses? Cholera; Black Plague; Cancer /Heart Disease 6.How and why did the Black Plague spread? 7.How and why did Cholera spread? 8.How do stages 3 and 4 compare and contrast? 9.Why do less developed countries (LDCs) have low amounts of degenerative diseases impacting their populations? 10.Why do more developed countries have higher CDRs than lower developed countries? 11.How did Dr. John Snow contribute to the future of geographic resources? 12.What are the 3 reasons for a possible stage 5 in the ETM? Describe each including an example disease. 13.What are two indicators of a country’s health? Define each. 14.How is the level of wealth and medical advancements reflected by these two indicators? 15.How do MDCs and LDCs compare in regard to IMR, LE, Health Care Expenditures, Medical Services? You do not need to know specific numbers, rather the overall levels and gaps between each for specific categories. 16.Why is the CBR of Sub-Saharan Africa a problem in regard to carry capacity? 17.How does North America contrast from Europe in regard to medical services? Why? 18.How does the epidemiologic transition compare to the demographic transition? 19.What diseases/viruses have made a comeback in recent years in LDCs? What is the reason for this? 20.How is Africa impacted by HIV/AIDs? How was HIV/AIDS diffused from Africa to the U.S.?

62. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue 4 Self Check In: 1.Pestilence & Famine; High CDR 2.Receding Pandemics; Rapidly Declining CDR 3.Degenerative Diseases; Moderately Declining CDR 4.Delayed Degenerative Diseases; Low but Increasing CDR 5.Cholera-2; Black Plague-1; Cancer /Heart Disease-3/4 6.Fleas to rats to people diffused from coastlines to towns 7.Industrial Revolution initially had many poor and crowded cities with poorly constructed water pumps and sewerage systems 8.3- chronic disorders ; 4- extended life expectancy w/chronic disorder 9.They have low life expectancies 10.Their populations have more older people 11.Handmade GIS used later digitally to provide information for geographic locations; Ex. GPS 12.Evolution- infectious diseases develop resistance to drugs- Malaria; Poverty- unsanitary living/no $ for medicine – Tuberculosis; Increased Connections- relocation diffusion (AIDS through air travel) 13.IMR- #infant deaths a year/1000 and LE- average age the infant will live 14.High IMR and Low LE – developing; Low IMR and High LE - developed 15.IMR- low MDC and high LDC (large gap- 5 in MDCs and 80 in LDCs); LE- low LDC and high MDC; Health Care Expenditures- high MDC and low LDC (large gap- 1000s in MDCs and less than 100 in LDCs) Medical Services- high MDCs and low LDCs (large gap- 70% government coverage in MDCs vs less tan 50% in LDCs) 16.Their high CBR is exceeding their carrying capacity, which means the environment cannot provide for population 17.The U.S. governments pays only 45% in medical services, while Europe pays 70%; The U.S. has less medical services available because people don’t want/can’t pay high prices for it. Demand is low, so supply is low. 18.They both provide information about the world’s population growth and the reasons for each stage of transition. 19.Malaria and Tuberculosis; new strands of the virus formed because of resisting medicines over time like antibiotics and can’t be controlled quickly in LDCs because of poverty 20.23million people infected; through air travel and international airports (increased connections)

63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ticket out the door: 1.How is the epidemiologic transition like the demographic transition? 2.How is it different? 3.How is the epidemiologic transition model helpful to geographers comparing the lives of people in more developed countries (MDCs) to those in less developed countries (LDCs)?

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