1. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Paul M. Grant pgrant@epri.com www.epri.com/staff_papers/sst

2. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Energy Civilization Year (Modern Era) Relative Units Nuclear

3. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Fathers of Electricity Discoverers Practitioners

4. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Fathers of Cryogenics DewarKammerlingh-Onnes CH 4 112 K O 90 N 2 77 Ne 27 H 2 20 He 4.2

5. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911) A Big Surprise!

6. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Another Big Surprise! Bednorz and Mueller IBM Zuerich, 1986

7. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century 1987: “The Prize!”

8. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Superconducting Wires for Cables

9. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century DTE HTS Cable NY Times, 11/3/98 Detroit Edison to begin use in 2000. $5.5 M project in interurban substation Pirelli, ASC, Lotepro, EPRI “...help U.S. build... its competitive position in world market for HTS applications.” DOE Sec. Richardson “...revitalize older urban area in non-intrusive, environmentally friendly way.” R. J. Buckler, DTE CEO ENERGY SECRETARY RICHARDSON OPENS GATEWAY TO ELECTRICITY SUPERHIGHWAY

10. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Frisbee Substation Step-Down Transformer Substation Distribution Building

11. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Circuit Layout 130 meters, 3 phase Five 90° Bends, 1 m radius One joint (MH 13465) Terminal at ends

12. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Mega-Cities

13. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Gas or Electricity? Pipes or Wires?

14. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century “Fuel-Head” and/or Nuclear Generation

15. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Future Power Lines: Southeast Asia

16. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Global Electrification

17. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century More Examples: South America

18. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century 1967 SC Cable ! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

19. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century The Superconducting Electricity Pipe! Total Cryo System Power: 5 GW dc Cost: 500 Miles

20. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Gas/HVDC Comparison

21. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century The Standard Model

22. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Next American Big-Bang-atron ~ 150 m

23. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century “You don’t always get what you want…”

24. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century “…you get what you need!”

25. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Electricity Paradigm and Superconductivity Generation/Storage –Generators, SMES, Flywheels Transmission/Distribution –Cables, Transformers, FCLs Delivery/End Use –Motors, Electromagnets

26. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Electricity- Transportation Analogy ElectricityTransportation · Fuel · Generation · Natural Resources · Manufacturing/Agriculture · Transmission Electrons · Distribution · Interstate Highways Trucks · Regional Freeways · End Uses · Lighting · Rotating Machinery · Appliances · Retail Sales · Home Depot · Sears · Safeway

27. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century Operating Parameters Capacity50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW Length1610 km Temperature Rise, 1 K every 10 km, 65 K, 1 W/m heat input 21,600 liters LN 2 /hr, 100 kW coolers, 120 gal/min Vacuum 10 -5 -10 -4 torr10 stations/10 km need 200 kW

28. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century

29. P. M. Grant 8 December 1998 Superconductivity: Energy Pipeline for the 21st Century The Future 700 K ! May, 2028