1. Listening

2. Poor Listening Skills After listening to a 10-minute presentation, how much is understood and retained? Ten minutes later: 50% Two days later: 25% Dr. Lyman K. Steil of the University of Minnesota in St. Paul

3. Hearing vs. Listening Hearing -- your ears pick up sound waves being transmitted by a speaker Listening -- making sense out of what is being transmitted

4. Listening Levels PseudoFake ListeningHighly passiveShould be avoided AppreciativeFor personal pleasure Passive or activeUsed in an entertaining speech EmpathicTo help the speaker ActiveUsed in parts of a speech or in therapy groups ComprehensiveTo learn or understand Highly activeUsed in most speeches CriticalTo analyze or evaluate Highly activeUsed in most speeches

5. How to Listen Effectively Be willing to expend energy Listen analytically Prepare yourself physically and intellectually

6. How to Listen Effectively Take notes (1)gives you a record of the speaker’s most important points (2)sharpens your ability to listen analytically (3)keeps your attention on the speaker’s words and not let your mind wander

7. How to Listen Effectively Option A Main Ideas Shortage of organs Many will die waiting Situation worse than it looks Support material All parts of U.S. Liver—13% died last year Heart—20% died 1000s die before names can reach lists Response Why is heart stat higher?

8. Shortage of organs All parts of U.S. Many will die waiting Liver—13% died last year Heart—20% died—why higher? Situation worse than it looks 1000s die before names can reach lists How to Listen Effectively Option B Shortage of organs All parts of U.S. Many will die waiting Liver—13% died last year Heart—20% died—why higher? Situation worse than it looks 1000s die before names can reach lists

9. How to Listen Effectively Resist distractions 1. auditory 2. visual 3. physical 4. mental

10. The Listener’s Responsibilities Give every speaker a fair chance Control emotions

11. The Listener’s Responsibilities Avoid Rudeness: Follow the Golden Rule of Listening

12. The Listener’s Responsibilities Listen unto others as you would have others listen unto you. In other words, you should listen attentively and courteously because when the situation is reversed – and you are the speaker – you would want your audience to listen attentively and courteously.

13. The Listener’s Responsibilities Avoid rudeness: Reject electronic intrusion

14. The Listener’s Responsibilities Don’t multi-task during a speech

15. The Listener’s Responsibilities Provide encouragement

16. Speech Evaluations Listen objectively Take notes

17. Speech Evaluations Look for both positive and negative aspects Give positive comments first Couple negative comments with positive alternatives

18. Speech Evaluations In most cases, ignore nervousness Be specific and measurable

19. Speech Evaluations UnhelpfulHelpful Your eye contact was poorYour eye contact favored the left side of the class room. Or you looked too much at the floor. I liked your speechYour topic was well chosen. Your enthusiastic delivery helped me stay connected to your ideas. You looked tense and scared Put your notes on the lectern so that your trembling hands don’t rustle the paper.

20. Speech Evaluations Don’t be defensive Seek clarification Strive for improvement When receiving evaluations:

21. Tip 1 Take Notes in Important Conversations and Small-Group Meetings It’s a nonverbal way of saying, “Your ideas are important to me— so important that I want to make sure I get them down correctly.”

22. Tip 2 Confront Electronic Rudeness (1)If you are in a position of authority, tell listeners to put away their cell phones and iPods. (2) Explain to the audience that you have trouble concentrating when people are working on electronic devices, and ask them politely to please put away their devices. (3) Open with an attention-getter that is so captivating that the audience becomes absorbed in your presentation.

23. Ethics for Public Speaking Class SpeakerAudience 1. Always show up when scheduled to speak 1. Support speaker, no daydreaming or homework, don’t distract speaker in any way 2. Respect audience opinions2. Respect speaker’s opinions 3. Be honest3. Be open-minded, don’t take offense during speeches or class discussion 4. Carefully research all sides of topic 4. Give honest, tactful critiques

24. Analyzing the Audience

25. The Self-Centered Speaker Focus on self Will I look good? Will the audience like me?

26. The Audience-Centered Speaker Focus on audience Who are my listeners? How can I reach them with my message?

27. Analyzing and Adapting Analyze Adapt What do listeners know about ice packs as first aid?

28. Analyzing and Adapting Your Classmates as an Audience View the classroom as an artificial speaking situation Or see your fellow students as an authentic audience What do listeners know about ice packs as first aid?

29. Getting Information About the Audience Demographic data Statistical trait of the audience such as age, gender etc Attitudinal data Audience attitudes, values, and beliefs such as feelings about the topic, level of agreement with speech’s thesis, Attitude toward attendance (Is the audience present voluntarily or out of obligation)

30. Getting Information about the Audience Surveys Interviews

31. Audience Diversity Listeners with Disabilities Scott H. Lewis, a member of a Toastmasters club in Washington state, “Ask the disabled participant.”

32. Audience Diversity Listeners with Disabilities p.63 Listeners who have mobility impairments Listeners who are deaf or hearing-impaired Listeners who are blind or visually impaired

33. Audience Diversity Gender Age Educational background Occupation Religious affiliation Economic and social status

34. Audience Knowledge Audiences that know a lot about the topic  Early in your speech, reassure them that you will cover new ground.

35. Audience Knowledge Audiences that know little or nothing about the topic  Visual aids Examples, stories

36. Audience Knowledge Mixed audiences   Start off at simple level and add complexity as you go along. Example: “I realize that some of you know nothing at all about this problem, while some of you have already become victims. I want to begin by defining what identity theft is, and I’ll get into the nitty-gritty of how we can defeat the crime”

37. Audience Psychology Interest level Assess with a survey Create interest

38. Audience Psychology Attitudes toward the goal p.65 Unfavorable Neutral Favorable

39. Audience Psychology Attitudes toward the speaker establish your credibility Attitudes toward the occasion show an awareness of their situation and show that you sincerely want to help them

40. The Occasion Time limit

41. The Occasion Purpose of the event

42. The Occasion Audience size

43. Tip A.U.D.I.E.N.C.E. Analysis by Lenny Laskowski

44. A nalysis - Who are they? How many will be there? U nderstanding - What is their knowledge of the subject? D emographics - What is their age, sex, educational background? I nterest - Why are they there? Who asked them to be there? E nvironment - Where will I stand? Can they all see & hear me? N eeds - What are their needs? What are your needs as the speaker? C ustomized - What specific needs do you need to address? E xpectations - What do they expect to learn or hear from you?