1. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Collection of NO x emissions data - First preliminary results RDE working group 14 September 2015 European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC) IET - Institute for Energy and Transport 1

2. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 2 Objective and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

3. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 3 Overview Objective and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

4. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 4 RDE Conformity Factors (CF) to be introduced in two phases First phase intends to account for NO x emission levels of current Euro 6 diesel cars equipped with state-of-the-art after-treatment technologies JRC collected NOx emissions data obtained by stakeholders from existing PEMS tests Objective

5. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 5 JRC has received feedback from five RDE stakeholders and Emissions Analytics Ltd. JRC re-analysed own tests conducted for the development of the RDE data evaluation Data set comprises 36 diesel vehicles and 234 individual trips Data analysis started in September 2015 First preliminary results available Current Status

6. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 6 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

7. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 7 Total number of trips with Euro 6 (NEDC tests ≤80 mg/km) Diesel vehicles234 After-treatment technologies SCR only De-NOx only De-NOx+SCR EGR only No information available 99 60 34 6 35 Engine rated power [kW] 75-100 100-125 125-150 >150 (max 180) No information available 3 152 47 7 25 Model year pre 2012 post 2012 No information available 110 89 (3 post 2014) 35 Mileage at test start [km] ≤20,000 km >20,000 km No information available 72 127 (3 >100,000 km) 35 Test vehicles

8. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 8 Total number of trips with Euro 6 Diesel vehicles234 Test routes U+R+M (trips with all U/R/M portions driven) RDE-like (U: 29÷44%, R: 23÷43%, M: 23÷43%, U/R/M distances >16km each) RDE-compliant (RDE-like + compliance with 95 th perc.tile v*a pos, RPA, <1000m/km) 127 39 22 Positive elevation gain of RDE-like tests [m/km] ≤1000 >1000 No information available 32 1 6 Max altitude during RDE-like tests [m above sea level] ≤700 700-1000 >1000 No information available 31 7 0 1 Test routes  All tests performed within moderate T amb boundary conditions

9. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 9 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

10. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 EGR only tests (tests with EGR only vehicles) All tests 10 U+R+M tests (trips with all U/R/M shares driven) RDE-like tests (U:29÷44%, R:23÷43%, M:23÷43%, U/R/M distances >16km each) RDE-compliant tests (=RDE-like + compliance with 95 th perc.tile v*a pos, RPA, <1000m/km) SCR & SCR+De-NO x tests (tests with SCR+de-NO x vehicles) De-NO x tests (tests with de-NO x vehicles) Technology independent (4 cases)Technology dependent (12 cases) Preliminary results  Cold start and DPF regenerations uniformly excluded  Test-average NO x emissions, unprocessed (w/o MAW or power binning)

11. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 11 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

12. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 12 Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 015 024 038 0430 0530 0629 0718 0821 0910 3 1130 126 136 144 154 163 174 18-361 Total234 Technology independent All tests (1/3)

13. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 13 234 tests from 36 diesel Euro6 vehicles Several vehicles represented by only one test (see previous slide) NO x emissions ranged roughly from 30mg/km to 700mg/km A single test exceeded the 800mg/km of NO x due to aggressive driving 5 tests (2% of the total) had CF≤1 41 tests (roughly 18% of the total) had CF≤2 Technology independent All tests (2/3)

14. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 14 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle Significant deviations can be mainly attributed to different driving styles Technology independent All tests (3/3) Vehicles

15. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 15 Technology independent U+R+M tests (1/3) Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 015 02,14,15,174 03,058 04,067 0716 0817 09,12,136 10,163 1110 18-22,33-361 Total127

16. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 16 Technology independent U+R+M tests (2/3) 127 tests from 26 vehicles A maximum of 800 mg NO x /km was observed 4 tests (about 3% of the total) had CF≤1 28 tests (roughly 22% of the total) had CF≤2

17. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 17 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A noticeable decrease of the average emissions and max/min deviations, per vehicle, was observed when comparing U+R+M trips with all tests for vehicles 11,08,05,04 Technology independent U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

18. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 18 Technology independent RDE-like tests (1/3) Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 015 024 036 042 054 061 072 082 103 133 15-161 18-221 Total39

19. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 19 Technology independent RDE-like tests (2/3) 39 tests from 17 vehicles Several vehicles represented by only one test (see previous slide) A maximum of roughly 700 mg NOx/km was observed 2 tests (about 5% of the total) had CF≤1 11 tests (roughly 30% of the total) had CF≤2

20. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 20 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A noticeable decrease of the average emissions per vehicle was observed when comparing U+R+M tests to RDE-like tests (e.g. vehicles 15,16,8,3) Technology independent RDE-like tests (3/3) Vehicles

21. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 21 Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 01,023 031 054 061 072 13,15,161 18-221 Total22

22. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 22 Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (2/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Tests performed within moderate T amb boundary conditions 22 tests from 14 vehicles 1 test (about 5% of the total) had CF≤1 9 tests (roughly 40% of the total) had CF≤2

23. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 23 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A decrease in max/min emissions deviations were observed, e.g. vehicles 2,15 Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

24. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 24 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

25. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 25 Technology dependent SCR and DeNO x +SCR vehicles: U+R+M trips RDE-compliant trips DeNO x vehicles: U+R+M trips RDE-compliant trips

26. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 26 SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (1/3) U+R+M tests: trips with all U/R/M shares driven Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 02,144 047 0716 103 1110 12,136 18,20-221 Total60

27. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 27 SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (2/3) 60 tests from 12 vehicles A maximum of about 700 mg NOx/km was observed A minimum of roughly 80mg/km was measured among the available tests 13 tests (roughly 22% of the total) had CF≤2

28. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 28 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 30mg/km was observed for vehicle 14 SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

29. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 29 SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 023 072 13,181 20-221 Total10

30. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 30 SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (2/3) 10 tests from 7 vehicles A maximum of about 600 mg NOx/km was observed 3 tests (i.e. 30% of the total) had CF≤2

31. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 31 No DeNO x +SCR tests found to be “RDE-like” Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 30mg/km was observed for vehicle 2 SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

32. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 32 DeNO x U+R+M tests (1/3) U+R+M tests: trips with all U/R/M shares driven Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 038 058 0817 191 Total34

33. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 33 DeNO x U+R+M tests (2/3) 34 tests from 4 vehicles A maximum of about 700 mg NOx/km was observed 2 tests (roughly 6% of the total) had CF≤2 7 tests (about 21% of the total) had CF≤2

34. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 34 Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 100mg/km was observed for vehicle 05 DeNO x U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

35. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 35 DeNO x RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 031 054 191 Total6

36. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 36 SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (2/3) 6 tests from 3 vehicles More data are needed

37. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 37 RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km More data are needed DeNO x RDE compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

38. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 38 Euro 6 diesel vehicles can already today reach the Euro 6 NO x emissions limit during on-road driving NO x emissions scatter over a wide range, independent of the applied after-treatment technology Filtering of tests (“U+R+M”, “RDE-like” and “RDE- compliant”) and the exclusion of tests outside the RDE boundary conditions tends to exclude trips of high NOx emissions Feedback and suggestion for further analysis is welcome Conclusions

39. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 39 Contacts Martin Weiss: martin.weiss@jrc.ec.europa.eu martin.weiss@jrc.ec.europa.eu Pierre Bonnel pierre.bonnel@jrc.ec.europa.eu Barouch Giechaskiel barouch.giechaskiel@jrc.ec.europa.eu Theodoros Vlachos theodoros.vlachos@jrc.ec.europa.eu

40. RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 40 Conclusions