1. Close reading and synthesizing sources (Chapters 2 and 3)

2.  Close reading – analysis of a text  Colloquialisms – expression; conversational style  Trope – artful diction (diction is word choice)  Scheme – artful syntax (syntax is word order)  Periodic sentence – sentence where main point or clause is held until the end  Declarative sentence – makes a statement  Anaphora – the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases.

3.  Hortative sentence – languages that urges or calls to action  Archaic diction – old-fashioned or outdated choice of words  Metonymy – using a single feature to represent the whole  Parallelism – similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words  Annotation – reading with pen in hand; identify main ideas, key points, allusions, and figures of speech  Inversion – inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb- object order of a typical sentence)

4.  1. Cite an anecdote – a brief story or reference that illustrates the main point  2. Cite facts and accurate details – information that is verifiable in general sources  3. Cite quantitative data – statistical information (more than just numbers)  4. Cite expert testimony – use evidence from experts in the field of study or professionals

5.  1. Identify the issue and engage your audience (present your position as reasonable and informed) ◦ Appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos ◦ Anticipate objections to your position  2. Formulate your position ◦ Reflect on the complexities of the topic ◦ Create a thesis that captures your position

6.  Develop your ideas ◦ Do not just list facts, prove your thesis and main points ◦ Elaborate on your ideas and focus on key issues of your argument ◦ Identify, explain, and refute the counter argument of your issue (this helps establish credibility) ◦ Vary your transitions, syntax, diction and structure ◦ Use figurative language in an appropriate manner  Incorporate sources ◦ Paraphrase and quote sources to support your ideas ◦ DO NOT MERELY SUMMARIZE OR LIST FACTS! REMEMBER, LITERAL SUMMARY IS METAPHORICAL DEATH ON THE AP TEST! ◦ Cite evidence from sources using parenthetical citations and create a works cited page to avoid plagiarism