1. Rocks, Minerals, and Soil By: ___________

2. Table of Contents 1.Word Bank pg. 1 2.What I Knowpg. 6 3.

3. Word Bank 1. mineral – a solid, natural material made from nonliving substances in the ground. 2. streak – the color of the powder left behind when the mineral rubbed on a rough surface 3. color – the color of the surface of the mineral. 1

4. Word Bank 4. luster – the way a mineral reflects light from its surface. (how shiny or dull a mineral appears) 5. hardness – a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching. (test: scratch test) 6. cleavage – the measure of how smooth a surface is. (the # of planes where a mineral breaks) 7. fracture – the property of a mineral that shows when it has a rough surface. 2

5. Word Bank 8. gem – a mineral that is rare, beautiful, and usually transparent. It glitters and shines in light (high luster) 9. rock- as solid object made naturally in Earth’s crust 10. rock cycle – the changing of rocks over time from one type to another 11. conglomerate – a sedimentary rock that has small rounded stones that have been cemented together 3

6. Word Bank 13. 4

7. Word Bank 17. 5

8. What I Know Mohs’ Hardness Scale ranks minerals from 1 - 10 based on their hardness.  1 – softest - TALC  2-  10 – hardest - DIAMOND Diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds. We can use known minerals and the scratch test to find out unknown minerals. Minerals can be found in nature. 6

9. What I Know Minerals can be made from one or more elements (pure substances) Example: chromium + beryllium = emerald Aluminum + oxygen = sapphire iron + sulfur = pyrite silicon + oxygen = amethyst sodium + chlorine = salt All minerals are made through chemical changes 7

10. What I Know How do we use minerals? (Where can we find minerals in daily life?) - toothpaste, computers, jewelry, electrical wiring, tires, soap, vitamins, paint, on our food (salt) Gems can be - -Colorful polished -Used in jewelryrough and uneven -Cut into shapes 7

11. What I Know Gem examples: -Ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, diamond Most rocks are made of mixtures of materials. They have different materials because they are made in different ways. Scientists classify rocks into 3 types based on the way they are made: 1. igneous – formed when lava cools and hardens. 2. sedimentary- formed when sediments are deposited in layers over time. 3. metamorphic- forms when other types of rock (sedimentary or igneous) change under heat and pressure without melting. 7

12. What I Know Rock Cycle:  Draw diagram here Igneous Rocks that cool and form inside the Earth are called intrusive rocks. This cooling could take 100s of years and so it produces LARGE crystals.  example: granite 11

13. What I Know Igneous Rocks that cool and form on the outside of the Earth would be called extrusive rocks. This cooling happens much faster so it produces SMALL crystals (or no crystals at all). Large crystals are not possible because the rocks cooled too quickly.  Ex: Basalt, obsidian, and Pumice 11

14. What I Know Sedimentary Rocks are made of different materials that have been compacted and cemented together.  Example: sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate 11

15. What I Know In metamorphic rocks, the intense heat and pressure can –  Change 1 mineral into another  Squeeze particles more tightly together  Crush fossil fragments and crystals in limestone to look like a jigsaw puzzle. 12

16. What I Know Metamorphic rocks can be -  Easy to carve and shape Example: marble  waterproof Example: slate  Shiny with brilliant colors Example: marble 12

17. What I Know 3 common uses for igneous rocks are:  1. sharp weapons and tools  2. roads  3. pumice can be used to remove dead skin cells, grinding, and polishing 3 common uses for sedimentary rocks are:  1. concrete  2. tile  3. brick buildings 14

18. What I Know 3 common uses for metamorphic rocks are:  1. Slate for roofing houses  2. Marble can be used for kitchen counters, floors, statues, and monuments  3. Slate can be used for stepping stones and outdoor patios 14