1. Competitive Prices as a Ranking System over Networks Ehud Lehrer and Ady Pauzner Tel Aviv University

2. Ranking systems based (only) on network structure Examples: Science Citation Index: Rank of article = number of citations Google’s PageRank: Link from a higher ranked item is worth more (Note circular definition)

3. Approaches to ranking Counting citations –Citation index (Garfield 1960) Markov chain: –PageRank (Wei 1951, Kendall 1955, Brin & Page 1998) Axiomatic: –Palacios-Huerta and Volij (2004) –Altman and Tennenholtz (2008): Axiomatization of PageRank –Demange (2011): Separates quality and refereeing power Dynamics: –Demange (2011): Ranking affects citations affect ranking… –Liebowitz and Palmer (1984): Iteration (impact adjusted) method

4. Our approach Construct economy based on the network of links Derive ranks from the competitive equilibrium prices

5. Pure exchange economy – a reminder N consumer Each consumer brings an intial endowment (a basket of L goods) Each has a utility function In equilibrium each consumer sells his initial endowment and buys in exchange the best basket possible (subject to budget constraint) In equilibrium market clears

6. What is a network? N nodes (web page, article, friends) There are (directed) edges connecting between nodes Examples: web-page i gives a link to j; paper i gives a citation to paper j; i and j are friends (two edges)

7. Pure exchange economy in a network

8. Pure exchange economy in a network

9. Example 1

10. Cobb-Douglas utility

11. Example 2 (with Cobb-Douglas utility)

12. Example 2 (with Cobb-Douglas utility)

13. Quasi equilibrium (Debreu 1962) Definition: 1.Markets clear 2.Consumers with positive budget maximize utility subject to budget constraint 3.Consumers with 0 budget only required to satisfy budget constraint Differs from competitive equilibrium only for consumers with 0 budget who derive utility from a 0-priced goods… They consume the leftovers, rather than an unbounded amount Quasi equilibrium exists under very mild conditions (utility functions continuous + sets of preferred baskets convex)

14. A little bit of notation

15. Cobb-Douglas – general solution

16. Cobb-Douglas – general solution

17. PageRank

18. PageRank

19. CES utility

20. Example 1 with CES utility In this example the parameter affects cardinal ranking but not ordinal (except for endpoints) We can easily generate examples where ordinal ranking changes

21. CES utility improve In the Markov approach one can naturally generate only PageRank. The degree of freedom in choosing the CES parameter can only be replicated by having transition probabilities that depend on the final invariant distribution weights.

22. Uniqueness of Quasi Equilibrium

23. Example: multiple equilibria

24. The Citation Index

25. Rank and reviewing power Ranking system gives each article a quality score Each article also has a reviewing power (importance given by ranking system to its links) –In PageRank, reviewing power ≡ rank –In SCI/NCI, reviewing power independent of rank In world of internet, PageRank seems better In world of articles, PageRank is problematic: –Case of articles on a timeline, that can only cite older articles. PageRank gives 0 to all of them, but the oldest –PageRank works only with sufficient simultaneity

26. Rank and reviewing power

27. Economy with tax

28. Example 2 with tax

29. Tax can also change ordinal ranking

30. Ranking-biased agents

31. Ranking-biased agents

32. Ranking-biased agents

33. Ranking-biased agents

34. Ranking-biased agents

35. Ranking-biased agents

36. Ranking-biased agents

37. Summary Model of competitive economy as a device for ranking Ranking determined by choice of utility function Uniqueness of ranking holds at least for gross substitutes (and of course connected network) Cobb-Douglas economy yields PageRank No exchange economy yields SCI or NCI Minimum economy yields outcome of interaction between PageRank and linearly biased agents By adding a simple taxation scheme we can control how reviewing power depends on assessed quality