1. N. Nilgün Çokça http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~ncokca

2.  A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.  Numbers, letters voice or photographs can be taken as data.  A computer is an electronic tool for inputting, processing, storing, manipulating, and retrieving information.  Computers are electronic machines that get data, process and returns this data to information. A computer does not create information

3.  Input  Four basic arithmetic process (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)  Logical processes  Output  Memory

4.  Finance  Medicine  Communication  Marketing  Libraries  Education  Commerce  And surely in game sector.

5.  3000 BC  the abacus (By Babylonians).abacus  1642  Pascaline: The Pascaline used gears and wheels ("counting-wheels") to perform the calculations.Pascaline  1800  Charles Babbage and his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine.Difference Engine

6.  1884  The American Institute for Electrical Engineering (AIEE) was founded  1889  Herman Hollerith won the competition for the delivery of data processing equipment to assist in the processing of the data from the 1890 US Census.Hollerith  1914  Hollerith Tabulating Company, eventually became one of the three that composed the Calculating-Tabulating-Recording (C-T-R) company.  1924  Calculating-Tabulating-Recording (C-T-R) company in was renamed IBM in.

7.  1937  Howard Aiken’s The Harvard MARK I computer for IBMMARK I  1946  Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)  June 21, 1948  Their prototype machine, the "Baby" was operated for the first time; the world truly moved from the domain of calculators to the domain of computers  1957  The IBM 305 RAMAC was the first disk memory system.IBM  1960  After three years of work Backus and his colleagues delivered the first FORTRAN program compiler for the IBM 704, and almost immediately the first error message was encountered -- a missing comma in a computed GO TO statement

8.  1964  Douglas Engelbart had developed the “mouse”mouse  April 7, 1964  IBM announced System/360, the first IBM family of compatible machines.  Fall of 1964  the Dartmouth Time Sharing System became operational with BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)  1974  Intel introduced the 8080 for the purposes of controlling traffic lights  First ATM machines appear.

9.  1977  Microsoft --Bill Gates and Paul AllenBill Gates and Paul Allen  Apple Corporations  1 981  IBM "PC" and supported by the Microsoft DOS operating system  Commodore introduced the VIC-20VIC-20  1984  Sony and Phillips announced CD-ROM.  1985  Microsoft Windows 1.0 had been announced.

10.  1987  Computer Society opens European office in Brussels  1988  Computer Society opens Asian office in Tokyo  1990  Software for Workstations (Computer Graphics 7/90)  1994  Netscape browser has been developed. Netscape  1995  Windows 95 announced.

11.  1996  Google is first developed by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google  1997  Microsoft releases Microsoft Office 97.  The Li-Ion battery begins being used for commercial uses.  1998  Apple introduces the iMac, the iMac helps bring Apple back on the computer maps as a very easy and friendly computer.iMac

12.  2001  USB 2.0 is introduced. USB  Apple introduces the iPod.iPod  2004  Google announces Gmail on April 1, 2004.  2005  YouTube is founded and comes online February 15, 2005.  Yahoo announces that it will acquire the popular photo service Flickr on March 21, 2005.  Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is released on April 24, 2005.

13.  2007  Apple releases the Apple iPhone to the public June 29, 2007.iPhone  Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 to the general public January 30, 2007.  2008  The HD player war comes to an end when HD DVD calls it quit, making Blu-ray the victor on February 19, 2008.

14.  Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.  Hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer.  Computer software means computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software.  Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations.

15.  CPU

16.  Memory Memory  RAM (random-access memory)  ROM (Read-Only Memory) 1 KB =1024 Byte  1000 Byte 1 MB = 1024*1024 Byte  1.048.576 Byte  1.000.000 Byte 1 GB =1024*1024*1024 Byte  1.073.741.800 Byte  1.000.000.000 Byte

17.  Permanent Data Storages  Magnetic Tape  Magnetic Disk  Hard Disk  Floppy Disk  CD-ROM  DVD  USB Disk

18.  Monitor  Mouse  Keyboard  Computer data storage  Hard drive disk (HDD)  System unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),  etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

20.  Input Input  Keyboard  Mouse  Light pen  Scanner  Modem  Output Output  Screen  Printer  Modem

21.  Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function.  System Software:  Macintosh Operating Systems  Novel (Netware) Operating Systems  Unix Operating Systems  Ms-Dos Operating Systems  Windows 95 and the rests

22.  Applications software includes programs that do real work for users.  Application Software:  Word Processor  Spreadsheet  Database

23. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used without the other.

32. C OMMODORE THE VIC-20