1. Google App Engine MemCache ae-09-session www.appenginelearn.com

2. Storage in App Engine There are two ways to store information in the App Engine The datastore is permanent storage - it is slower - it is stored permanently and backed up - when you put data in the datastore it is there until you delete it The memcache is temporary storage - it is much faster because it uses the memory of the application servers and does not need to store data on any disks

3. What is a Cache? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache “In computer science, a cache is a collection of data duplicating original values stored elsewhere or computed earlier, where the original data is expensive to fetch (owing to longer access time) or to compute, compared to the cost of reading the cache. In other words, a cache is a temporary storage area where frequently accessed data can be stored for rapid access.” From the French cacher, meaning "to hide"French

4. Comparison Memcache Fast Uses memory Limited size Not backed up May go away if you run out of memory Datastore Slower Uses disk Unlimited size Backed up Does not go away until you delete it

5. Application Instances DataStore.... MemoryCache The memory cache uses memory on the Google Servers your application is running on. When data is added to the cache on one application instance, it is immediately transmitted to the other caches so that all instances have the same view of the memory cache.

6. Why use Memcache? It is *fast* -- making it possible for your application to scale to large numbers of users Usually we use it to hold information that was costly to retrieve or compute but does not change a lot So we retrieve or compute it once and keep it in memcache for a few minutes or so and use the local copy for a while After a while we throw out the local copy of the data and retrieve or compute it again

7. What is Memcache? It is a giant shared dictionary-like thing Every element in the cache has a key The values can be strings, dictionaries, lists, or other Python objects. You can create, read, update, and delete entries in the memory cache.

8. Memcache Features set(key, value, time=0) get(key) replace(key, value, time=0) delete(key) http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/memcache/clientclass.html The time is in seconds. The value can be any Python object. The key should be a string.

9. from google.appengine.api import memcache x = memcache.get("1234") if x is None: print "Nothing found in key 1234" else: print "Found key 1234" print x x = memcache.get("7890") if x is None: print "Nothing found in key 7890" else: print "Found key 7890" print x y = { 'a': 'hello', 'b': 'world' } memcache.add("7890", y, 3600) x = memcache.get("7890") if x is None: print "Nothing found in key 7890" else: print "Found key 7890" print x z = { 'l': 'more', 'n': 'stuff' } memcache.replace("7890", y, 3600) print "7890 replaced"

10. Nothing found in key 1234 Nothing found in key 7890 Found key 7890 {'a': 'hello', 'b': 'world'} 7890 replaced Nothing found in key 1234 Found key 7890 {'a': 'hello', 'b': 'world'} Found key 7890 {'a': 'hello', 'b': 'world'} 7890 replaced from google.appengine.api import memcache x = memcache.get("7890") if x is None: print "Nothing found in key 7890" else: print "Found key 7890" print x First run Second run

11. Developer Console The Application Engine provides a developer console in each application which allows you to look through the memcache or data store, and execute code on the application engine http://localhost:8080/_ah/admin If this is running on the Google Cloud - your Google Account must be marked as an “application admin”

13. You can view the memory cache and look up elements by key. You get a sense of how large the cache is and how much it is being used. You can even add new data into the cache.

14. Using Memcache to Store Sessions Understanding sessions.py ae-09-session

15. Memcache for Sessions :) Memcache is fast Memcache is good at storing small things We use the session on nearly every request (i.e. is the user logged in?) Sessions don’t need to last forever Seems almost perfect...

16. Memcache for Sessions :( The rule that the memcache data can go away when the servers start to run out of memory is a non-starter Users would see themselves logged out randomly The servers would start to thrash as sessions were lost and immediately recreated It works for small, simple, development applications

17. Real Session Code Real session code uses a combination of memcache and the datastore to allow your application to scale to higher levels without thrashing http://code.google.com/p/gaeutilities/

18. Understanding - sessions.py Since the Google Application Engine does not provide a session capability, we need to add one - extending out application Download from http://www.appenginelearn.com/downloads/util.zip Install in your application in the directory util to make it available in your application

19. Using the Session Library from util.sessions import Session class LogoutHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.session = Session() self.session.delete('username') doRender(self, 'index.htm') Find the file sessions.py in the folder util and import the class named Session from that file.

20. def post(self): self.session = Session().... if pw == "secret": self.session['username'] = acct doRender(self,"index.htm",{ } ) else: self.session.delete('username') doRender(self,"login.htm",{'error' : 'Incorrect password'} ) In LoginHandler() Most of the work is done in the constructor of the Session object. Once we have retrieved the Session() we just use it like a dictionary.

21. Overall Flow Look for a session id cookie on the incoming HTTP request If there is a cookie set, retrieve the session If there is no cookie on incoming request or no matching session in the memcache, make a new session, put it in memcache, and set the cookie

22. class Session(object): def __init__(self): self.sid = None self.key = None self.session = None string_cookie = os.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '') self.cookie = Cookie.SimpleCookie() self.cookie.load(string_cookie) # Check for existing Session if self.cookie.get(COOKIE_NAME): self.sid = self.cookie[COOKIE_NAME].value self.key = "session-" + self.sid self.session = memcache.get(self.key) if self.session is None: logging.info("Invalidating session "+self.sid) self.sid = None self.key = None Retrieve the cookie from the request. Look up session in memcache using the cookie. If we don’e find a session make a new one.

23. # Make a new session and set the cookie if self.session is None: self.sid = str(random.random())[5:]+str(random.random())[5:] self.key = "session-" + self.sid logging.info("Creating session "+self.key); self.session = dict() memcache.add(self.key, self.session, 3600) self.cookie[COOKIE_NAME] = self.sid self.cookie[COOKIE_NAME]['path'] = DEFAULT_COOKIE_PATH # Send the Cookie header to the browser print self.cookie If we get this far, and we still don’t have a session, make one. Make a big random string, an empty dictionary for the session data and put it into the memory cache using the session ID as the key. Then set the cookie in the browser.

24. Cookie Header In the HTTP Request/Response Cycle, Cookies are set in the headers of the response before the response data. So we must establish the session before any data is sent to the browser. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-type: text/html Set-Cookie: sessid=123.. Welcome.... Set-Cookie: appengine-simple-session-sid=921288672590409739; Path=/

25. A Little Test Start with a fresh browser, and either start with a fresh application of clear the memcache using the Developer Console Watch the application log Start your browser and go to http://localhost:8080 A session will be started

26. We are not logged in but we now have a cookie and a session for the user. The session exists but is *empty*.

27. We can use the developers console to look up data stored in the memory cache. We look up the session using the key which was in the log and there is indeed a dictionary which is empty in the memory cache. “Pickled” means “converted into a format suitable for sending across a network”. a.k.a “Serialization”

28. If we then log in and again check the session key in them memory cache, we see that the username is now set in the session indicating that we have logged in successfully.

29. More in sessions.py Most of the work is in the constructor __init__() The rest of the methods in the class are to make the class function like a dictionary

30. # Private method to update the cache on modification def _update_cache(self): memcache.replace(self.key, self.session, 3600) # del session[keyname] def __delitem__(self, keyname): if keyname in self.session: del self.session[keyname] self._update_cache() return raise KeyError(str(keyname)) # x = session[keyname] def __getitem__(self, keyname): if keyname in self.session: return self.session[keyname] raise KeyError(str(keyname)) Python transforms certain language elements like session[keyname] into __getitem__(session,keynam e)

31. Summary Memcache is an easy-to-use high performance memory-bases storage area that is well-suited to store small amounts of data with short-to-medium life spans Wise use of memcache really helps in the scaling of your application We implement a simple Session() storage implementation using memcache as our backing storage as a developer exercise.