1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.1.1 Ranges of Particles Sizes for Aerosols. Air can contain many sizes of particles that can be inhaled. There should be none of these in a laboratory. Any procedures that generate these aerosols should be conducted in chemical hoods. Industrial manufacturing facilities are a more likely site to encounter these particles.

2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.1.2 Relationship between Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point. This sketch shows that liquids with low boiling points will have high vapor pressures. What are the safety concerns when using liquids with high vapor pressures?

3. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.1.3 Relationship between Vapor Pressure and Temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation predicts that vapor pressure increases non-linearly as temperature increases. What are the safety concerns when using liquids at high temperatures?

4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.2.1 Ether Structure and Laboratory Chemical Container. Ethyl ether is a common laboratory chemical, also called “diethyl ether” and “ether.” It is very flammable and tends to form dangerous peroxides if stored over extended periods of time.

5. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.2.2 DOT Pictograms and Placards for Flammable/Combustible Chemicals and Oxidizers. 5 These pictograms are most often seen on trucks on highways. (Taken from 2008 Emergency Response Guide, Department of Transportation, found at http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/gydebook.htm.) http://hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/gydebook.htm

6. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.2.3 NFPA Diamond. The fire diamond is frequently used in chemical laboratories. The ratings indicate the hazard level under fire conditions, not necessarily ambient laboratory conditions. (The NFPA Diamond is reprinted with permission from NFPA 704-2007, System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response, Copyright © 2007 National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety. The NFPA classifies a limited number of chemicals and cannot be responsible for the classification of any chemical whether the hazard of classifications are included in NFPA or developed by other individuals.)

7. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.2.4 Laboratory Chemical Bottle with NFPA Diamond. It is important to know the meaning of the ratings (0-4) in the fire diamond to properly assess the various hazard levels of health, flammability and reactivity.

8. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.1.3.1 Number of CAS Registered Chemicals. For current number of CAS chemicals access: http://www.cas.org/cgi- bin/cas/regreport.pl. How many chemicals do think will be catalogued by the time you graduate from college?http://www.cas.org/cgi- bin/cas/regreport.pl

9. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.2.1.1 GHS pictograms. This pictograms will probably become commonplace in the next decade as the GHS is adopted and implemented in the United States. (Courtesy of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Copyright © 2007 United Nations, New York and Geneva)

10. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure