2. Ancient Rome Social 9

3. Social Classes Rich people – Patricians Poor people - Plebians Reflected in education, military service, careers, decorations, clothing

4. Social Classes….clothing Simple Tunic – worn by people with active lives (slaves, children, workers) Toga – a white robe worn by important men (6m long, wrapped around the body and over the shoulder. Quite heavy!) Women – wore a long dress (stola) over an under-tunic. Girls wore white until they were married, after which they wore bright colors

5. Political Political & Physical Geography 4 th C – Rome most powerful Built garrison towns to protect borders, located near Mountains or rivers Housing shortage in Rome – therefore they used apartments! All cities had a ‘Forum’ – gov’t buildings, shops, temples

6. Natural resources (lots of metals) ‘7 Hills’ ‘7 Hills’ Mountains Lots of Ports Air - polluted

7. Physical Political & Physical Geography NORTH AFRICA SPAIN BRITAIN GERMANY FRANCE ITALY GREECE TURKEY EGYPT

8. Government In the early days, Rome was ruled by kings (first king – Romulus) When the Romans threw out the last king, they set up a REPUBLIC

9. Republic of Rome When the republic was first set up, the people in charge were the 2 consuls Consuls were elected by the senate to lead for a year Had control of the army, therefore deciding on war Decided how much tax to collect and the laws They both had to agree to make any changes – if either of them ‘vetoed’ then nothing could be done

10. Republic of Rome Senate Were made up of the wealthy families – once you got into the senate, you stayed for life Gave advice to the consuls

11. Republic of Rome Assembly All those who had citizenship/free men Voted on whatever the consul asked (rich people had more votes than poor) Tribune These are the people who represented the commoners (plebians) Elected by the assembly Could veto things that affected the poor (pretty much everything)

12. Republic of Rome “Rome’s Republic fell due to the popularity of Julius Caesar. Caesar won many battles as a leader in the Roman army, and was appointed as a consul in the Roman government. Caesar’s popularity eventually made him more powerful than the Roman Republic. Caesar was assassinated by Roman senators, beginning the age of the Roman Empire. Rome was now ruled by a single person, called a Caesar.” Kirk Langer, http://sites.lps.org/wq11/stories/storyReader$7http://sites.lps.org/wq11/stories/storyReader$7

13. Government Imperial Rome – 27 BCE Emperor – first citizen, he controlled army (Augustus was the first) Senate – highest court, made laws, governed provinces (housed in the forum) Council – senators elected, Emperor’s advisors Citizens elected representatives

14. Economy (Business & Money) Thousands of people worked in small farms, fishing, market, gardening, and wine Rich in natural resources from all over the Empire (grain - Egypt, vine & olives - Mediterranean, gold & silver - Spain, timber, marble - Italy Pottery, cloth, perfume, glass, mining Lots of trade High unemployment in cities Public welfare programs (schools, free grain, etc.)

15. Military Army life was tough, and discipline severe Conscripts were required to supply their own weapons The army was divided into groups Legion - 5 500 men including mounted and foot soldiers Cohort – 500 men Century – 80 men

16. …& Now the Rest Now it is your job to finish your graphic organizer: Fill in the empty boxes Use Point Form

17. Education Most children did not go to school – they learned a trade from their parent, and addition at the market Boys might be trained to fight with swords or ride horses in preparation for joining the army. Girls would be taught to run the home in preparation for marriage Wealthy families provided private tutors for their children (Latin, Greek, arithmetic, history, poetry the sometimes instruments)

18. Entertainment Music was important – played at banquets, weddings, funerals, theatre, home, between gladiator fights and other public events. Theatre – Greek comedies and tragedies Games – board games, gambling, chess etc.

19. Family Family was very important, it included everyone in the household – father, wife, children, slaves and even close relatives Childhood was short – a girl would be betrothed by age 12 and a boy by 14. Marriage took place a few years later.

20. Religion Believed in many different gods and goddesses Some were the same as ancient Greece but with different names Temples were built, festivals thrown and sacrifices made in honor of them

21. Religion Roman Gods/Goddesses Jupiter – most powerful, sky god Venus – goddess of love Mars – god of war Pluto – god of the underworld Mercury – messenger god Neptune – god of the sea Juno – married to Jupiter Minerva – goddess of wisdom Greek Gods/Goddesses Zeus – most powerful, sky god Aphrodite – goddess of love Ares – god of war Hades – god of the underworld Hermes – messenger god Poseidon – god of the sea Hera – married to Zeus Athena – goddess of wisdom