2. Brought the light of civilized existence to tribal societies. Assimilated the contributions of superior cultures. Unified vast territories and different peoples under one rule (through a common legal system, bureaucracy and language).

3. Brought other populations under their control through military aggression. Exterminated foreign populations through war. Enslaved foreign peoples: force labor, deportation. Seized and occupied foreign lands with settlers. Violently repressed uprisings of native populations Supported repressive foreign regimes in exchange for adherence from the ruling classes. Treated leniently non-confrontational civilizations: self-rule in exchange for taxes or military support

4. Barbaric peoples, tribes Superior civilization Freedom, liberation Expansion, unification, pacification, civilization

5. The Roman empire was the largest and most perdurable of the western world in Ancient times. It lasted around 700 years.

6. Consequences of the unification of the Mediterranean under Roman rule: - Common body of Law - Roman technical advances created new infrastructure - Improvement in communications - A more homogeneous society - Latin as a common language - Preserved, added to and transmitted the Greek body of knowledge (literature, architecture, philosophy, science…).

7. Human cost of domination 1,000,000 Gauls exterminated by Caesar. Some German and Gallic tribes disappeared and with them their way of life. Large portions of foreign populations enslaved and savagely repressed when they revolted: Spartacus and 6,000 followers crucified, Carthage destroyed.

8. Three main periods: Roman Monarchy (753 to 509 BCE) Roman Republic (509 to 31 BCE) Roman Empire (31 BCE to 248 AD)

9. Roman Monarchy (753 BCE to 509 BCE) Etruscan influence in Rome

10. Etruscan art

11. Features of the Roman Monarchy: (753 BCE to 509 BCE) Rome is dominated by the Etruscans Rural society (shepherds) City states Myths: Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Sabine women.

12. Roman Republic (509 BCE to 31 BCE) Government: Two consuls Senate Assembly Magistracies (public administrators) Restricted democracy: indirect representation

13. Social conflicts: Patricians (aristocracy, ruling class) and plebeians (disenfranchised middle class) Aristocrats (ruling families) and the equestrian class (soldiers enriched by foreign wars)

14. Military campaigns: Conquest of Italy (Etruscans, Greeks, Italic peoples) Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) against the Carthaginians. Conquest of the East: Hellenistic kingdoms (146 BCE) Conquest of the West: Gaul (60-44 BCE).

15. The Mediterranean before Roman expansion

17. Punic wars: Carthage is the capital of the Carthaginians (Poeni) Hannibal: Carthaginian general Scipio: Roman general Consequence of the war: Rome conquers the Western Mediterranean (Sicily, Spain, Northern Africa).

18. Conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms (146 BCE-31 BCE): Macedonia, Greece, Asia Minor (Pergamum), Syria, Egypt (Cleopatra)…

19. Conquest of the Gaul by Julius Caesar (60-44 BCE).

20. Government: emperor Octavian (Augustus) 31-14 BCE: Pax Romana Absolute power of the emperor Consolidation of Roman power and administration in all the provinces

21. Maximum expansion of the Roman empire (116 AD)

23. Army and empire Opulence and decadence Cruelty and spectacle Daily life in Pompeii

25. Frugalitas (austerity) Mos maiorum (customs of the ancestors) Moral decline is associated with wealth and foreign influence Problematic relationship with Greek art and literature (extravagant)

26. Reasons for the “myth”: Wealthy aristocrats: art collectors, owners of magnificent villas … Banquet: means of political networking Roman invective (political attacks): accusations of decadence.

31. The Roman House Vestibule: images of ancestors Atrium: entrance courtyard Tablinum: office Peristyle: backyard/ garden

32. Walls decorated with frescoes Floor covered with mosaics Scarce furniture

33. Tablinum (dining room)Peristylum

34. Baths: Daily ritual Cultural and sports complex: library, lectures, gyms, swimming pool, sauna, gardens, (and of course prostitutes, food, board games…) Hygiene: daily bath

35. Caldarium (hot sauna) Natatio (swimming pool)

36. Piscina mirabilis (cistern) Aqueducts

37. Playing dice Tavern