1. Inductive & Deductive Reasoning Heading into Unit 4

2. Where we’ve been/Where we’re going Part I CH 1 – Human & Scientific Inquiry CH 2 – Basic Building Blocks CH 3 – Paradigms CH 4 – Logic Systems CH 5 – Ethics in Communication Research Part II – Quantitative Communication Research Part III – Qualitative Communication Research

3. Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning Inductive – specific observations to general conclusions Deductive – general conclusions to specific predictions * Keep in Mind Any inductive argument can also be expressed deductively, and any deductive argument can also be expressed inductively.

4. The Diamond of logic Verification 4 1 Observation 2 Generalization (conclusion) Prediction 3 * Please see handout in DocSharing for more information

5. A. About halfway through Jan’s college career she starts wondering why she does good on some exams and poorly on others. She decides to go back and look at each of her specific test scores and recalls how she studied for each particular test. She takes her specific test experiences and looks for a pattern. It hits her – she almost always scored best when she studied with others (this was her general conclusion). This is an example of inductive reasoning. Inductive – specific observations to general conclusions Deductive – general conclusions to specific predictions Example #1

6. B. Mike enrolls in college and brainstorms all the ways he can study – how much to study, when to study, what to study, etc. He makes a list of pro’s/con’s of studying with others. He concludes that it’d be beneficial to study with others, so he decides to test his prediction/idea. During his first class, he studied alone for the first two tests and studied with others for the final two tests and compared the specific results. This is an example of deduction. It moves from a: (a) a pattern that might be expected and: (b) a determination whether the expected pattern occurs throughout specific instances Inductive – specific observations to general conclusions Deductive – general conclusions to specific predictions Example #2

7. For this DQ, you will keep a journal (record) of how you use inductive and deductive reasoning throughout one day. Your response should: 1. Briefly explain deductive and inductive reasoning in your own words. 2. Explain one example of how you used deductive reasoning (give the topic, how you used deductive reasoning, and the outcome). 3. Explain one example of how you used inductive reasoning (give the topic, how you used inductive reasoning, and the outcome). Discussion Board

8. Unit 5 Project Choose two research topics from the list. (Chapter 5, page 100, Review Questions and Exercise #3). You do not need to write an essay, just provide your answers and details for each of the areas. Be sure to include all of the following elements for each of the two topics chosen: Briefly describe the topic. Explain the research parameters (what kind of demographics would you consider for your sample). Using the information in the Chapter 5 text reading, describe the possible ethical considerations to this topic. Keeping in mind the ethical considerations, describe how you would conduct the research study ethically. Explain how you would debrief the research subjects without being deceptive Other details – 500-600 words (450-650), standard formatting, please cite sources, and use the rubric as a checklist.

9. Week 5 Seminar Mickey Gilley (1975) observed, “Ain’t it funny, ain’t it strange, the way a man’s opinions change when he starts to face that lonely night.” In particular, he observed that “all the girls get prettier at closing time, they all get to look like movie stars.” In his song, Gilley describes how perceived physical attraction may be influenced by the thought of going home alone. Your research team would like to test Gilley’s prediction. In particular you are interested in whether motivation (e.g., not going home alone) influences perceived attractiveness of the opposite sex. Procedure: To determine whether patrons are motivated to “make new friends” closer to closing time, researchers will go to a bar. Patrons at the bar will be asked to rate the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex at 9, 11, and 1 a.m. In return for their participation, patrons will be given a chance at winning $100 at the end of the night for each of the ratings they complete. Pennebaker, J.W., (1979) Don't the girls get prettier at closing time: A country and western application to psychology. Personality-and-Social-Psychology-Bulletin, 5, 122-125.

10. Group Activity Questions 1. Will any violations of the ethical code occur as a result of this experiment? 2. What responsibility does the researcher have to his/her participants in this experiment? 3. What steps or procedures will the researcher take in order to meet this responsibility? 4. What problems may the researchers/experimenters encounter as a result of conducting their study? 5. Are the participants at risk for harm? 6. Is there anything you would change? If yes, what would you change and how would you go about doing it? http://www.public.iastate.edu/~adelamor/ethics_exercise.htm