1. Global Warming and Water Resources

2. Frequently asked Questions Is global warming occurring? Why does global warming occur? How do we predict global warming? Are the current climate models reliable?

3. Average Temperature Anomaly in Northern Hemisphere during the Last One Thousand years

4. Temporal Variation of CO 2 Concentration during the last 1,000 years

5. Radiative Heat Budget of the Earth

6. Greenhouse Effect of the Atmosphere

7. 11/29/2015 7

9. Global Grid System

10. Annual Mean Rate of Precipitation, cm/day

11. Annual Mean Soil Moisture, Simulated

12. Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the world

13. Temporal CO 2 variation, prescribed

15. Surface Temperature Anomaly of 2007 from the base period 1961-1990 11/29/2015 15

16. Global Mean Changes in Surface Temperature (°C) and Precipitation / Evaporation (%) ∆T s G ∆Precip. = ∆Evap. 2050+2.3 ºC +5.3% 4xC+5.5 ºC +12.7%

18. Atmospheric Circulation

22. Soil Moisture Change (in percent) = [(W after – W before ) / W before ] x 100 W before : soil moisture before global warming W after : soil moisture after global warming

23. % change in Annual Mean Soil Moisture

24. % Change in Seasonal Mean Soil Moisture, 4xC

25. Summary Water-Rich Regions: Increased Water Availability (e.g., River Discharge) Increased Frequency of Intense Flood Water-Poor Regions: Increased Frequency of Drought Gradual Outward Expansion of Desert  Enhance the Existing Contrast between Water-Rich and Water-Poor Region of the World

27. Rainfall Intensity versus Frequency

28. Observation and Adaptation Monitoring of Global Water Cycle Improved Water Resource Management

29. Long-Term, Global Monitoring 1. Distribution of (a) Precipitation (histogram of intensity) (b) Snow Cover, Glacier & Ice Sheets (c) Soil Moisture (d) Vegetation & Permafrost 2. Rate of river discharge Through in-situ and satellite observation (e.g., visible, microwave, long-wave radiation, etc)

30. Signal-to-Noise Ratio S / N = ∆ / σ ∆ ; Change due to Global Warming σ ; Standard Deviation: Natural Variability S/N (Rainfall) >> S/N (Temperature)

31. Improved Management of Water Resources Desalinization Filtering / Recycling Conservation Storage (Dam, Artificial Lake) Pipeline and Canal Genetic Engineering  Agriculture Changes in Agricultural Practice

32. End of Presentation