1. UNIT 2: SELF AND OTHERS AREA OF STUDY 2: INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY

2. PERSONALITY PERSONALITY IS A HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCT (We can’t see or touch personality, it’s intangible) So how do we know it exists?

3. PERSONALITY TESTS Try some of the following personality tests online to understand the two different types of tests; INVENTORIES http://www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.htmlhttp://www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.html (Myers-Briggs) http://personality-testing.info/tests/16PF.phphttp://personality-testing.info/tests/16PF.php (Cattel’s 16 Personality Factors) http://similarminds.com/eysenck.htmlhttp://similarminds.com/eysenck.html (Eysenck’s PEN Model) http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/ (Costa & McCrae 5 Factor) http://geisel.narod.ru/mmpi2.htmhttp://geisel.narod.ru/mmpi2.htm (MMPI-2) http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asphttp://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asp (Myers-Briggs/Jung) http://personality-testing.info/tests/RIASEC.phphttp://personality-testing.info/tests/RIASEC.php (Holland’s SDS) PROJECTIVE TESTS http://theinkblot.com/http://theinkblot.com/ (Rorschach Inkblot Test) http://www.utpsyc.org/TATintro/http://www.utpsyc.org/TATintro/ (Thematic Apperception Test)

4. PERSONALITY TESTS A personality test is an assessment device used to evaluate or measure aspects of personality, such as factors and specific traits INVENTORIES A personality inventory is a ‘self- report’, paper and pencil or online test which has a list of questions designed to assess various aspects of personality Considered to be ‘objective’ No interpretation of results, rather responses are compared with others who have particular personality traits PROJECTIVE TESTS Attempts to uncover an individual’s unconscious wishes, desires, fears, thoughts, needs and other ‘hidden’ aspects of personality by asking them to describe what they see or to make up a story from an ambiguous situation The assumption is that they will draw upon their own personal experiences in their descriptions

5. INVENTORIES An inventory creates a personality profile (an overall pictorial representation of a person’s personality based on their responses) Below is a personality profile of two people who have completed the MMPI-2 MMPI-2 = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 567 Items (All True/False questions) Designed to identify abnormal personality

6. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.28 (pg.550) LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.29 (pg.550)

7. INVENTORIES Inventories are not always used for identifying abnormal personalities They are also used by organisations and workplaces to assist their vocational selections VOCATIONJOBCAREER There are two types of inventories we will look at; 1.MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) 2. HOLLAND’S SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH (SDS)

8. INVENTORIES 1.MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) Categorises an individual into 1 of 16 personality types Based on the psychodynamic personality theory Paper and pencil test with about 100 questions It is possible for your type to change across time or situations

9. INVENTORIES 1.MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) E = Extraversion = whether your energy is directed outwards I = Introversion = whether your energy is directed inwards S = Sensing = whether you prefer to take in information from the five senses N = Intuition = whether you prefer to take in information from unconscious T = Thinking = whether you make decisions using logic and impersonal reasons F = Feeling = whether you decide with your heart using personal feelings J = Judging = approaching your life in a planned, orderly, organised way P = Perceiving = approaching life more flexibly, being spontaneous and open to options

10. INVENTORIES 1.MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) FOR EXAMPLE E S F P Extraversion - Sensing - Feeling – Perceiving Very generous and impulsive. They have a low tolerance for anxiety. They make good performers, they like public relations and they love the phone. They should avoid scholarly pursuits, especially science

11. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.30 (pg.553)

12. INVENTORIES 2. HOLLAND’S SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH (SDS) Career counselling inventory Identifies personality type and matches with careers preferences All people fit into 1 or more of 6 personality types Sometimes called the RIASEC theory

13. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS OF INVENTORIES STRENGTHSLIMITATIONS Quick to administer Can administer to large numbers of people in a relatively short period of time Efficient data analysis using computers They can measure a single trait, type or multiple traits simultaneously Purpose is obvious so some respondents manipulate their answers Only a range of responses can be given The amount of information they can give is limited There is no opportunity to clarify or explain what they mean by their responses Many have been criticised for their cultural bias

14. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.32 (pg.559)

15. PROJECTIVE TESTS 1. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST 2. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)

16. PROJECTIVE TESTS 1. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST The first version of the test was developed to help identify individuals who had mental health problems 10 stimulus cards Constructed by dropping ink onto a piece of paper and folding it in half Seldom used in contemporary psychology Administered individually / test-takers are asked to describe what they see on each stimulus card Scoring is detailed and involves making subjective interpretations based on assessment criteria Computer generated interpretations are now available, making interpretations more objective

17. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.33 (pg.560)

18. PROJECTIVE TESTS 2. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) Not about diagnosing mental illness Assumes that we all have needs for achievement, and having those needs met influences our behaviour in everyday life 30 stimulus cards / 10 are used for an assessment Administered individually The test-taker is asked to create a story about the stimulus picture It is assumed that the test-taker will create stories that will reveal the conflicts, moods or themes which dominate their lives and underlie their personality

19. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.34 (pg.561) LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.35 (pg.561)

20. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS OF PROJECTIVE TESTS STRENGTHSLIMITATIONS There are no right or wrong answers and the purpose and scoring of the test is not obvious This means that people are less likely to manipulate their answers Individuals are not restricted in the responses they provide They provide psychologists with rich, personalised qualitative data Having no correct answers makes them difficult to interpret Interpretations are subjective and prone to inaccuracies Low inter-rater reliability An individual may not be able to provide a response to a particular stimulus An individual may not actually be revealing information about their underlying personality, even though it is assumed that they are

21. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.36 (pg.562)