1. 1 Eric P. Widmaier Boston University Hershel Raff Medical College of Wisconsin Kevin T. Strang University of Wisconsin - Madison *See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 17 Lecture Outline * Reproduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 Hormone Overview Fig. 17-1

3. 3 General Terminology and Concepts; Sex Determination and Differentiation

4. 4 General Principles of Gametogenesis Fig. 17-2

5. 5 Sex Determination Gender is determined by genetic inheritance of two chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Males possess one X and one Y. Females possess two X.

6. 6 Differentiation of the Gonads During the seventh week of fetal development the SRY gene located on the Y chromosome is expressed, leading to the development of testes in males.

7. 7 Fig. 17-3 Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia

8. 8 Fig. 17-3 Differentiation of Internal and External Genitalia

9. 9 Male Reproductive Physiology Fig. 17-5Fig. 17-6

10. 10 Anatomy Fig. 17-7

11. 11 Spermatogenesis Fig. 17-8

12. 12 Spermatogenesis Fig. 17-10

13. 13 Transport of Sperm Fig. 17-6

14. 14 Erection Fig. 17-11

15. 15 Ejaculation Ejaculation is a spinal reflex mediated by afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors leading to contraction of smooth muscle in the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra, causing sperm and glandular secretions to be released from the penis.

16. 16 Control of the Testes Fig. 17-12

17. 17 Testosterone

18. 18 Puberty Puberty, which is the period during which the reproductive organs mature and reproduction becomes possible, usually occurs between 12 and 16 years of age in the male.

19. 19 Andropause Andropause is the steady decrease in testosterone secretion beginning at about 40 years of age.

20. 20 Female Reproductive Anatomy Fig. 17-14

21. 21 Ovarian Functions Oogenesis Maturation of the oocyte Ovulation Secretion of the female sex steroid hormones

22. 22 Oogenesis Fig. 17-16

23. 23 Follicle Growth Fig. 17-17

24. 24 Formation of the Corpus Luteum Fig. 17-18

25. 25 Control of Ovarian Function Fig. 17-19

26. 26 Follicle Development and Estrogen Synthesis During the Early and Middle Follicular Phases Fig. 17-21

27. 27 LH Surge and Ovulation Fig. 17-22

28. 28 The Luteal Phase Fig. 17-23

29. 29 Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle Fig. 17-24

30. 30 Other Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone

31. 31 Puberty Puberty, which is the period during which the reproductive organs mature and reproduction becomes possible, generally usually occurs between 10 and 12 years of age in the female. However, there have been reports recently that girls as early as 8 years of age are undergoing puberty.

32. 32 Pregnancy Egg Transport Intercourse, Sperm Transport, and Capacitation Fertilization

33. 33 Fertilization Fig. 17-25

34. 34 Fertilization Fig. 17-26

35. 35 Migration Fig. 17-27

36. 36 Early Development, Implantation, and Placentation Fig. 17-28

37. 37 Blood Supply Fig. 17-29

38. 38 Development Fig. 17-30

39. 39 Hormonal and Other Changes During Pregnancy Fig. 17-31

40. 40 Parturition Fig. 17-32

41. 41 Parturition Fig. 17-33

42. 42 Lactation Fig. 17-34

43. Lactation Fig. 17-35 43

44. 44 Infertility Approximately 12 percent of men and women of reproductive age in the United States are infertile. In many cases, infertility can be successfully treated with drugs, artificial insemination, or corrective surgery. When the cause of infertility cannot be treated, it can sometimes be circumvented in women by the technique of in vitro fertilization. The success rate of this procedure, when one egg is transferred, is only about 15 to 20 percent.

45. 45 Menopause Around the age of 50 menstrual cycles become less regular, and ultimately they cease entirely. Menopause and the irregular function leading to it are caused primarily by ovarian failure. The ovaries lose their ability to respond to the gonadotropins, mainly because most, if not all, ovarian follicles and eggs have disappeared by this time through atresia. The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary continue to function relatively normally as demonstrated by the fact that the gonadotropins are secreted in greater amounts. The main reason for this is that the decreased plasma estrogen and inhibin do not exert as much negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion.