MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/1 MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM By David Saussié.

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/1 MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM By David Saussié

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/2 1. Introduction 2. Historical Point of View 3. Organisation 4. Industry and Research links with Education 5. Comparisons and Comments

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/4 1.1 Brief introduction of the speaker 1. Introduction - Engineering degree from ENSAE – SUPAERO (Aeronautics & Aerospace Superior National School) (Toulouse, FRANCE, 2004) - Master of Science in Electrical Engineering (École Polytechnique de Montréal) (Montréal, CANADA, 2004) - Presently, double Ph. D. between France & Canada and teacher at the École Polytechnique de Montréal - Concerns: Control systems engineering, robust control, fly-by- wire…

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/5 1.2 Presentation schedule 1. Introduction  Morning (9am - 12am with a short break) - Historical Point of View - Organisation  Afternoon (2pm - 4pm) - Research and Industry - Comparisons and Comments

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/7 2. History Ancient HistoryEarly Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages XIV-XV centuries XI-XIII centuries V-X centuries VIII century: Charlemagne entrusts the Church with the education  2.1 From Ancient History to Middle Ages… 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/8 2. History - King of the Franks from 768 to 814 - Regarded as the founding father of both France and Germany, and sometimes Father of Europe… - Entrusts the Church with the scholarship  2.2 Charlemagne Charlemagne, portrait by A. Dürer 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/9 2. History  2.3 From Renaissance to Napoleon… 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/10 2. History - General of the French revolution - First Consul of French republic from 1799 to 1804 - Then, emperor from 1804 to 1814 - 1801: lycées (high schools) are created - 1802: Concordat between Napoleon and Pie VII, the Church is now controlled by the State - 1808: Napoleon creates the Baccalauréat  2.4 Napoleon (1769 -1821) Napoleon, portrait by J. L. David 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/11 2. History  2.5 From XIXth century to World War II 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/12 2. History - Lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s - Credited for creating the modern Republican school (l’école républicaine) - All children between the age of 6 and 13 (boys and girls) must attend school - Public instruction is then free of charge (kindergarten and primary school) and laïque (meaning that religion no longer interfere in the education) Jules Ferry  2.6 Jules Ferry (1832-1893) 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/13 2. History  2.7 … Until nowadays 2. Historical Point of View

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/14 2. History  2.8 Sorbonne-Bologne Process 2. Historical Point of View - Purpose: construct a tertiary education European space before 2010 - Initiated at the Sorbonne in 1998 by France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom and signed during Bologne symposium in 1999 by 29 countries - Need of a common system within which diplomas and qualifications can be more easily compared - Makes easier the mobility of students, professors and researchers - System of credits that can be transferred between universities - More than 40 European countries are presently engaged in the process - In France, this leads to the LMD Reform (Licence Master Doctorat). This will be discussed later.

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/15 1. Introduction 2. Historical Point of View 3. Organisation 4. Industry and Research links 5. Comparisons and Comments

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/16 1. Introduction 2. Historical Point of View 3. Organisation 4. Industry and Research links 5. Comparisons and Comments  3.1 Administration  3.2 Primary Education  3.3 Secondary Education  3.4 Higher Education

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/18 3.1 Administration - The Ministry of National Education regulates all educational programs in France (official name is Ministère de l’éducation nationale, de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche) - The head of the ministry is the Minister of National Education. As of June 2005, the Minister is Gilles de Robien - The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants. Professors and researchers in universities are also employed by the state - At the primary and secondary levels, the curricula is the same for all French students in a given grade in public institutions. However, there exist specialized sections and a variety of options - The reference for all French educators is the Bulletin officiel de l’éducation nationale, de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.) : it lists all current programs and is amended many times every year G. de Robien  Ministry of National Education 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/19 3.1 Administration  Académie system - The French territory is divided into 35 académies, 26 in mainland France and 9 in French overseas territories - One académie often spans a few départements (French administrative unit) - The headquarters (termed rectorat) is usually located in the largest city of the concerned académie and is headed by a recteur. - The main responsibility of the académie is to manage personnel and state budgets pertaining to the education system. It serves as a link between regional specificities and the centralized governing body in Paris. - Each département also has its own inspection académique, headed by an inspecteur d’académie who is in charge to check the application of the national directives 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/20 3.1 Administration  Académie system - 26 académies in Metropolitan France - 9 académies in French overseas territories 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/21 3.1 Administration  School Calendar - In Metropolitan territory, the school year extends from early-September to early-July - The school calendar is standardized throughout the country by the ministry - In French overseas departments and territories, the school calendar is set by the local recteur - Major holiday breaks: 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/22 3.1 Administration  School Calendar Zone A Zone B Zone C For the winter and spring breaks, the country is divided into three zones (A, B, and C) and each zone’s vacation dates are shifted by one or two weeks. Any idea why ? 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/24 3. Organisation 3.2 Primary Education

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/25 3. Organisation 3.2 Primary Education

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/26 3.2 Primary Education  Maternelle (Kindergarten classes) - Usually at the age 3 (or 2 in pré-maternelle classes, essentially daycare centres) - The last year of maternelle, called grande section is the year in which pupils are introduced to reading  École Primaire (Primary school) - In the first year (cours préparatoire), pupils learn to write and perfect their reading skills - Pupils are instructed in many different disciplines, such as French, mathematics, natural sciences, history & geography… 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/27 3.2 Primary Education AgeGradeAbbreviation Kindergarten Classes 3-4Petite SectionPS 4-5Moyenne SectionMS 5-6Grande SectionGS Primary School 6-7Cours PréparatoireCP 7-8Cours Élémentaire First YearCE1 8-9Cours Élémentaire Second YearCE2 9-10Cours Moyen First YearCM1 10-11Cours Moyen Second YearCM2 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/28 3.2 Primary Education (2004-2005) Thousands 6 802 4006 585 5006 677 600 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/30 3. Organisation 3.3 Secondary Education

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/31 3.3 Secondary Education  Collège (~Junior High School) - Four years (age 11 to age 15) - Pupils are instructed in French language & literature, history & geography, foreign languages (English, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian…), ancient language (Latin, Greek), physical education, arts & craft, musical education, civics, mathematics, biology & geology, physics & chemistry, … - One teacher (professeur) per topic - The fourth year is punctuated by final exams in French language, mathematics and history & geography, which leads to the National Diploma Certificate (Diplôme National du Brevet) - Divided between Collège and Lycée - The completion of secondary studies leads to the baccalauréat 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/32 3.3 Secondary Education  Lycée (~ High School) - Three years (age 15 to age 18) - Divided between: lycée général (general) which leads towards more than two years of post- baccalaureate studies lycée technologique (technological) which leads towards short studies lycée professionel (professional) which leads directly towards professional life - General and technological streams are given at ‘standard’ lycées - While professional streams are provided at separate professional lycées 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/33 3.3 Secondary Education AgeGradeAbbreviation Collège 11-12Sixìème6e6e 12-13Cinquième5e5e 13-14Quatrième4e4e 14-15Troisième3e3e Lycée 15-16Seconde2 de 16-17Première1e1e 17-18TerminaleTle 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/34 3.3 Secondary Education (2004-2005) Thousands 5 799 5005 540 2005 513 200 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/35 3.3 Secondary Education  Lycée général - The usual stepping stone to university degrees - Seconde is a link-year during which students finalize their choice of série (stream) for the final two years. During Seconde, all students have mostly the same courses. - General streams: S Scientifique (natural sciences) : requires a high level in mathematics (heavily weighed), physics & chemistry and biology ES Économique et Sociale (economics and social sciences) : balanced between literary and scientific courses of studies, and an economics and social sciences course L Littéraire (literature) : weighs French literature, history & geography and foreign languages heavily - Philosophy courses are provided in each stream during the last year 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/36 3.3 Secondary Education  Lycée technologique - 8 technological streams: Service Sciences and Technologies (STT) Industrial Science and Technologies (STI) Laboratory Science and Technologies (STL) Health and Social Sciences (SMS) Food Science and Technologies (STPA) Agronomy and Environment Science and Technologies (STAE) Music and Dance Techniques (TMD) Hotel and Catering Industry - The STPA stream is only available in lycées agricoles, specialty schools for agricultural sciences 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/37 3.3 Secondary Education  Lycée professionel - Leads to several different professional diplomas in all fields - Based on vocational training and internships in companies and with craftsmen: students more interested in a ‘hands on’ approach than in academic learning - The first diploma, the CAP is prepared during 2 years. Usually prepares for a specific job: carpenter, childcare provider… - The second diploma, the BEP is prepared during 3 years after the collège. It leads to a professional qualification in a specific field such as ‘restaurant industry’, ‘metallurgy’. More difficult than a BEP. - The final diploma is the Baccalaureat Professionnel : the highest professional qualification available. Can be prepared during 3 years after the collège. 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/39 3.4 Higher Education  Introduction - Many available formations  BTS and DUT  Specialised schools  Universities  Preparatory Classes  Grandes Écoles - France has a dual system for higher education:  Universities  Grandes Écoles - The latter (less than 5% of students) requires very competitive selection entry exams and has no equivalent anywhere else in the world whereas the former can be simply attended as soon as one gets his baccalauréat 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/40 3. Organisation 3.4 Higher Education

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/41 3.4 Higher Education  BTS (Higher Technician’s Licence) - It’s a two-year course that takes place in High Schools - Over 100 specialty subjects in all professional sectors - Like BTS, a two-year course but is prepared within university technological institutes (IUT) linked to universities - More generalist than the BTS, the DUT offers fewer specialities (25) - Can lead to some engineering and business schools The aim of the BTS and DUT is to train senior technicians planning to seek work in the industrial or agricultural sectors or as high level employees that wish to work in business or services sectors (commerce, tourism, transport, assistance services, etc.). They lead on to a wide range of further studies. 3. Organisation  DUT (University Diploma of Technology

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/42 3.4 Higher Education  Specialised schools - Certain professions are only accessible through courses taken in specialised schools and depending on the specialities, courses can last from 2 to 6 years. - These courses result in either a State diploma or a school diploma. - As places are limited, it is necessary to go through a selection process.  Paramedical Schools (3-4 years): nurse, kinesiologist, orthoptist, hearing aid specialist, speech therapist...  Social sector schools (2-3 years): social service assistant, special education teacher, community education worker…  Schools of art, music, dance, theatre (2-5 years): plastic arts and applied arts studies in advertising, communication, interior decoration take place in National schools of art. Other establishments concern music, dance, theatre.  Schools of architecture (6 years): 20 schools providing training in architecture (2 for landscape designers) 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/43 3.4 Higher Education  Universities - University education in France falls within the European system of organising studies around three levels: Licence, Master’s Doctorate. These are known as the “LMD” system. - To attend university, the baccalauréat is required - University branches incorporate generalist branches (humanities, sciences and technologies, law, economics, arts, social sciences) and professional branches such as management and business, communication, sciences and industrial techniques. - Wide range of courses in a large number of specialties - LMD system is based on three levels ( or “grades”)  Licence (acquired over 3 years)  Master’s (acquired over 2 years)  Doctorate (acquired over 3 years) 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/44 3.4 Higher Education  European LMD Reform (Licence Master Doctorat) 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/45 3.4 Higher Education  Health Studies - Health studies channel has a specific organisational system - Studies to become a doctor, dental surgeon, pharmacist or midwife take place within universities. - All studies are subject to a competition at the end of the first year: places are limited within each med schools. If failed the first year, the competition can be attended only a second time (exceptionally a third time) - Studies can last between 5 and 11 years  Midwife : 5 years  Specialist doctor : 11 years (brain surgeon, etc…)  Dental surgery doctor: 6 years  Pharmacist: 6 years 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/46 3.4 Higher Education (2004-2005)  Student distribution in universities 3. Organisation Total number of students: 1 312 141

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/47 3.4 Higher Education (2004-2005)  Student distribution in universities 3. Organisation Total number of students: 1 312 141

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/48 3.4 Higher Education  Preparatory Classes & Grandes Écoles - The Grandes Écoles are higher education establishments outside the mainstream framework of the public universities - They are generally focused on a single subject area (such as engineering), have moderate size and are often quite selective in their admission of students - They are prestigious and have traditionally produced most of France’s scientists and executives - The Grandes Écoles recruit students not after the end of their high school (lycée) but after two or more years of initial higher education - For the most part, this education takes place in special preparatory classes, known as Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles (CPGE) or prépas 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/49 3.4 Higher Education  Preparatory Classes - The Classes Préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles is a high school prep course with the goal of training students for enrolment in a Grande École - They are located in a number of select high schools throughout the country - There are four main categories of preparatory classes: Mathematics and Physics (plus computer science and engineering as minors)  engineering schools Biology, Geology and Mathematics (agro)  food science, biological and agricultural engineering Humanities (hypokhâgne and khâgne)  Écoles Normales Supérieures Mathematics and Economics known as prépa HEC  Management schools - The amount of work required of the students is exceptionally high and after two years, one can integrates a school when one succeeds in passing the competitive exam to that school 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/50 3.4 Higher Education  Grandes Écoles - After competitive entrance exams (proper to each school or group of schools), one can attend a Grande École if his rank is sufficiently high - Grandes Écoles can be classified into several broad categories: Écoles Normales Supérieures : they train researchers, professors… Engineering schools such as École Polytechnique, École Centrale Paris… Institutes of Political Studies and Administrative schools Management schools (Écoles de commerce) such as HEC,… Military officer academies such as St Cyr (Army Academy), École Navale (Naval Academy) and École de l’Air (Air Force Academy) Veterinary schools (only 4 schools in France) - Writes Nadeau 1 : “ French parents don’t want to send their children to university. We could not believe this until we understood just what the Grandes Écoles were. French parents do everything they can to make sure their child won’t go to university but will go to a Grande École… ” (1) From “Sixty million Frenchmen can’t be wrong” by J.B. Nadeau and J. Barlow 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/51 3.4 Higher Education (2004-2005) Thousands 2 133 7002 268 4002 312 00 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/52 3.4 Higher Education  Peculiarities - Compared to other countries, small size and multiplicity of establishments, each specialized in a more or less broad spectrum of disciplines (Paris and suburbs count 13 universities) - Scientific research not done by universities but by research establishments such as CNRS. In many cases, the research units are installed inside universities and research staff teach some graduate classes - Low tuition fees : higher education is paid by the French taxpayers. The tuition varies from 150€ to 400€ depending on the university and the different levels of education. Health insurance is low too - However tuition in engineering schools can reach 1000€ a year, and some business schools charge up to 7000€ a year -This leads to a very low rate of people under 25 years old on the job market 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/53 3.4 Higher Education  Why a dual system ? - A Grande École was created everytime the need for specialists could not be satisfied by universities - From the mid-XVIIIth Century: To build harbours and bridges (École des Ponts et Chaussées - 1747) To improve artillery (École Polytechnique - ) To exploit mines (Écoles des Mines) To develop industry (Écoles Centrales and Écoles des Arts et Métiers) To train managers (Écoles de Commerce) - Meanwhile, in the rest of the world, universities created their engineering and their business departments - Inability of French University to reform and adopt a unique system… 3. Organisation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/54 3. Organisation Toulouse Poitiers Paris ENAC: École Nationale de l’Aviation Civile SUPAERO: École Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace ENSICA: École Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs et Constructions Aéronautiques ENSMA: École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d’Aérotechnique ESTACA: École Supérieure des Techniques Aéronautiques et de Construction Automobile ESC Toulouse: École Supérieure de Commerce (Business School) 3.4 Higher Education  Main Aeronautical Schools ENSTA: École Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées Members of GEA: Aeronautical Engineering School Group * * * * *

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/55 3. Organisation 3.4 Higher Education  Higher Education In Toulouse - More than 110 000 students ( Second student city in France) - 3 Universities:  Toulouse I: Law, Political Sciences, Social Sciences…  Toulouse II, le Mirail: Humanities, Arts, …  Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier: Fundamental & Natural Sciences, Health Sciences... - 14 Grandes Écoles:  7 Engineering schools: ENAC, ENSICA, ENSAE, ENSIACET, INSA, ENSEEIHT, ICAM  1 Veterinary School  2 Agronomic Schools: PURPAN, ENSAT  1 Business School: ESC Toulouse

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/57 4.1 Research…  Higher Education is of course linked to Research through many centers  Research and Higher Education are headed by François Goulard, associate minister  Many kinds of centers:  Introduction of 3 well-known research centers in Toulouse 4. Research and Industry - EPST (Établissements Publics à caractère Scientifique et Technologique) - EPIC (Établissements Publics à caractère Industriel et Commercial) - EPA (Établissements Publics à caractère Administratif) - Foundations such Institut Pasteur, Institut Curie - GIP (Groupement d’Intérêt Public) - ….

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/58 - Government-funded research organization, under the administrative authority of Ministry of Research - Founded in 1939 - Europe’s largest fundamental research organization - Evaluating and carrying out all research capable of advancing knowledge as well that having social, cultural, and economic benefits for society - Contributing to the application and promotion of research results - Developing scientific information, and promoting the use of the French language - Supporting training for and through research - Participating in the analysis of the national and international scientific climate and its potential for evolution in order to develop a national policy - Many CNRS research units are spread throughout France, and a large body of permanent researchers, engineers, technicians, administrative staff works at these units. 4.1 C.N.R.S (National Center for Scientific Research) 4. Research and Industry  Overview  Missions  Research units

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/59 - Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry - Nuclear and High-Energy Physics - Engineering Sciences - Communication and Information Technology and Sciences - Environmental Sciences - Life Sciences - Humanities and Social Sciences - Budget for 2005: Euros 2.299 billion - 26,080 permanent employees: 11,644 researchers and 14,416 engineers and technical staff - 19 regional offices ensuring decentralized direct management of laboratories 4.1 C.N.R.S (National Center for Scientific Research) 4. Research and Industry  Scientific fields at stake  Key figures

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/60 - Public research establishment, with eight major facilities in France - Founded in 1946 and under Defense Ministry - Direct and conduct aeronautical research - Support the commercialization of this research by national and European industry - Construct and operate the associated experimental facilities - Supply industry with high-level technical analyses and other services - Perform technical analyses for the government - Train researchers and engineers - Civil and Military aircrafts - Helicopters and tilt rotors - Propulsion systems - Space transport - Missile and defence system - Networked systems and security systems 4.2 ONERA Aerospace Research and Technology 4. Research and Industry  ONERA, first aerospace research player in France  6 key missions  Application-oriented research

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/61 - 60%: contract research for industry and agencies - 40%: annual subsidy from the French government - 2000 employees (250 graduate students) - Budget: Euros 188 Million - 8 Centers (3 in Paris) - First european wind-tunnels collection 4.2 ONERA Aerospace Research and Technology 4. Research and Industry  Onera’s funding comes from two sources  Key figures

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/62 - Government agency responsible for shaping and implementing France’s space policy in Europe - Founded in 1961 - Under Research Ministry and Defence Ministry - Invent the space systems of the future - Bring space technologies to maturity - Guarantee France’s independent access to space - Budget: Euros 1867,1 million - 2500 employees (1800 engineers) - 4 Centres: Paris, Toulouse, Evry, Kourou (Guyana) 4.3 C.N.E.S (National Center for Spatial Studies) 4. Research and Industry  Overview  Mission  Key figures

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/63 4.4 Research and Development Budget 4. Research and Industry % of the Gross Domestic Product Sweden: 4.25 Japan:3.90 Finland:3.40 Iceland:3.04 South Korea:2.96 United States:2.82 Switzerland:2.64 Germany:2.50 France:2.20 R&D in billions $ (in 2000) United States265 Japan98 Germany55 France32 United-Kingdom27 Italy14

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/64 4.5 … and Industry 4. Research and Industry  Generally students who graduated from Grandes Écoles find a job quite easily  Hiring wages can depend from the school rank: some schools are more rated than others - École Polytechnique, Mines de Paris : 39,000 Euros (per year)* - Supaero : 36,000 Euros (per year)* - ENAC, ENSICA: 31,000 Euros (per year)* (*) From “Challenges” June 8 th,2006  Contrary to North America, Doctorat is underestimated in French industry  Students from Universities can find difficulties to get a job depending on their formation

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/66 5.0 Comparisons 5. Comparisons  Comparisons with other country educational system  Debate about other educational systems - United States - England - Canada (and Québec) - Japan

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/67 5.1 Comparison with United States 5. Comparisons

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/68 5.2 Comparison with England 5. Comparisons

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/69 5.3 Comparison with Canada (and Québec…) 5. Comparisons

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/70 5.4 Comparison with Japan 5. Comparisons

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/71 5.5 Questions… It’s up to you to talk and share…  Which system seems to be the closest to yours ?  Could you explain briefly how to become an engineer in your own country ?  Any competitive exams ?  How many years does it take ?  Any comments, remarks ?

MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/1 MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM By David Saussié.

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MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Réf.: IAS/2006/M2/1 MODULE 2: FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM By David Saussié.

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