1. Unification Italy and Germany

2. Nationalism ► Nationalism - Loyalty to a nation rather than to its ruler  Peoples’ national identity  People share common language, religion, & culture

3. Nationalism ► 1848 Revolutions - poor and working-class people revolt all over Europe  (except England / Russia)  Revolutions are unsuccessful, but fuel Nationalism

4. Italy

5. Italy ► Pre-unification:  Northern Italy ruled by Austria  Southern Italy ruled by Spanish kings

7. Italy ► Giuseppe Mazzini (26yrs old) forms “Young Italy”  Young Italian nationalists  No one over 40 can join  “Young Italy” fails, but fuels nationalism

8. Italy ► Count Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Sardinia (Italian Kingdom)  Allies with France to drive Austrians out of Northern Italy  Funds Garibaldi's rebels in Southern Italy

9. Count Cavour

10. Italy ► Giuseppe Garibaldi - led Italian nationalist army called “Red Shirts”  Captures Sicily and unites Southern Italy  Adds land he conquers to Sardinia

11. Giuseppe Garibaldi

12. Italy ► Joint Italian army conquers Papal States (last to be added)  Rome becomes capital (1871)  Church keeps Vatican City

14. Italy ► Italy is unified and Rome becomes its official capital in 1871. ► Victor Emmanuel II is the first official king of all of Italy.

15. Italy ► Problems after unification:  Different ways of life ► Northern Italy – Industrial ► Southern Italy – Agricultural  Different dialects of Italian  Economic problems

16. Germany

17. Germany ► Pre - Unification:  German Confederation dominated by Prussia under Kaiser Wilhelm I  Prussia - all German, strong army, industrialized

18. Germany ► Otto von Bismarck - Prime Minister of Prussia  “Realpolitik” – Bismarck’s ideology  Achieve / hold power by any means necessary ► "blood and iron"

19. Otto von Bismarck

20. Germany ► Austro-Prussian War  Prussia takes territory from Austria and unifies Northern Germany

21. Germany ► Franco-Prussian War (1870 – 1871)  Bismarck faked a telegram between Wilhelm and Napoleon III of France to start a war  German kingdoms unite against France

23. Germany  Prussian army lays siege to Paris and defeats the French  After the war, the German Empire is officially declared ► Bismarck – Chancellor of Germany

25. Otto von Bismarck

26. Unification ► With Italy and Germany’s rise to power, Europe’s “Balance of Power” is destroyed