1. Welcome Back!!!! I hope you had a relaxing break. We have a lot of hard work to do before the next long break!!

2. “Pick-me-up”: Minute Mysteries Directions: You can only ask yes or no questions to help with the answer.

3. Mystery #1 Clue: A man pushes his car in front of a hotel, and say “I’m broke and I’m out!” What happened?

4. Mystery #2 Clue: I want to go home, but the man in the mask won’t let me. Who is the man in the mask?

5. Mystery #3 (hard one) Clue: Two men go to visit a female friend. She offers them soft drinks, which they accept. The drinks are identical in every way. One of the men dies after drinking his drink, but the other man does not. Why did one of the men die?

6. Announcements: 1.Tomorrow and Wednesday you will be reading an article on the different complicated issues within political geography and presenting your opinions in an expert panel. 2.Thursday & Friday you will be completing your performance final (5% of your grade). You will be making boundaries of states and defending your decisions. Be sure to take all notes today. 3.Thursday I will be collecting notebooks for journal grades! 4.Tutoring: Tuesday 2:30-3:45; Thursday 2:30-4; Friday 2:30-3:30

7. What is Political Geography?

10. 3 Questions Political Geographers ask: What is a country? Why do countries have the borders they do? Why do borders change?

11. WHAT IS A STATE? A state is a politically organized territory States have people, boundaries, and countries States are not natural, they are created by people. All states have sovereignty which is the power to govern themselves

13. ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF STATES EXCEPT… 1.United States 2.Russia 3.China 4.Australia 5.Africa

14. WHAT IS REQUIRED TO BE A RECOGNIZED STATE? A permanent population Sovereign territory (define) Legitimacy by other states Effective government and working economy

15. WHAT IS SOVEREIGNTY? A country's independent authority and the right to govern itself. A Sovereign State is one in which is free from any external controls.

16. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOUNDARIES?

17. Subsequent boundaries are those that are drawn after a population has established itself. Subsequent boundaries that respect spatial patterns of existing social, cultural, and ethnic groups are called cultural boundaries. SUBSEQUENT BOUNDARY

18. Boundary drawn before an area is occupied by permanent settlement. Example: The western boundary between the U.S. and Canada which was established by treaty in 1846. ANTECEDENT BOUNDARY

19. A boundary that imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)… explains a lot of boundaries in Africa CULTURAL (CONSEQUENT) Boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity SUPERIMPOSED

21. WHAT IS A NATION? A nation is a group of people who think of themselves as one because they share a culture and history. A nation is made up of one ethnic group. Nations can overlap many countries.

22. THE ARAB NATION The Arab world has enough cultural and historical unity that it is classified as a nation made up of many individual states.

23. WHAT MAKES A NATION? A shared cultural heritage or belief. Loyalty towards one another and to the nation as a whole. A distinct homeland (even if everyone is not living there) Self-determination, or the ability or desire to form their own sovereign state.

24. According to the geographical definition of the word “nation”, would the U.S. be considered a nation? Why or why not?

25. WHAT IS A NATION- STATE? A nation-state is a politically organized area that has a nation and a state living in the same place. For a country to be a nation state its population should be close to being ethnically homogenous. There were many nation states in Europe between 1600-1800, but today only 20 out of 196 countries are Considered nation states.

26. JAPAN IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NATION-STATE

27. Why do you think there are only a few nation states today?

28. WHAT IS A CITY-STATE? A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. They are independent of the country that surrounds them. They have complete sovereignty.

29. VATICAN CITY IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CITY-STATE

30. SINGAPORE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CITY-STATE

31. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING What would be an advantage and a disadvantage of being a city-state?

32. AWESOME SLIDE SHARE FOR INFO ON UNIT http://www.slideshare.net/deilands/ap-human-geography- unit-4-political-geography

33. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (REVIEW): What are the shapes of states? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

34. State Morphology The boundaries of a country and the shape of the land which it encompasses can present problems or it can help to unify the nation. The shape or morphology of most countries can be divided into five main categories: compact, fragmented, elongated, perforated, and protruded. Compact A compact state with a circular shape is the easiest to manage. Belgium is an excellent example because of the cultural division between Flanders and Wallonia within Belgium. The compact form of Belgium has helped to keep the country together.

35. Fragmented Nations such as Indonesia, which is composed of more than 13,000 islands, are known as fragmented or archipelagic states (because they are composed of archipelagos). It is difficult to govern such a country composed of islands (and more than 200 million people). Denmark and the Philippines are also archipelagic countries separated by water. Elongated An elongated or attenuated nation such as Chile makes for difficult governance of peripheral areas in the north and south from the central capital region near Santiago. Vietnam is also an elongated state.

36. Perforated South Africa is the classic example of a perforated state, which completely surrounds Lesotho. The surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country. If there is hostility between the two nations, access to the surrounded nation can be difficult. Italy is also a perforated state. Both Vatican City and San Marino are surrounded by Italy. Protruded A protruded or panhandle country such as Myanmar (Burma) or Thailand have an extended arm of territory. Like an elongated state, the panhandle complicates that shape of the territory. The state of Oklahoma also has a prominent panhandle.

37. ANY GAPS IN YOUR NOTES?

38. * Viability – something’s ability to maintain itself

39. * The forces that unify a state * They provide stability, strengthen, bind together, create solidarity (unity or agreement of feeling or action)

40. * Forces in which divide a state (lead to balkanazation/devolution, destabilize, weaken) * Balkanization - describes the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions

42. * Based on the number on your card, you will read that issue’s article(s). You will complete the assignment for your article between today an tomorrow. Wednesday you will be asked to discuss the article with the entire class.