1. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Geographic Issues Study Jorge-A. Sanchez-P. Bratislava, 27 April 2007

2. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Presentation Topics The DD in the REN context A Framework for measuring the DD in REN The RENDDI structure Key Findings and Future Work

3. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Definition of the RENDD “ The uneven distribution, difference or gap in regular and effective access to and usage of digital resources and technologies ” … between scientists, researchers, students, etc* attached to research and education networks … due to infrastructural, social, economic, educational, regulatory and other causes, including but not limited to, unavailability of, difficulty in accessing, unawareness of the availability and/or capabilities of, lack of understanding of how to access and/or use such digital resources and technologies. * Conclusions should be able to be deducted for organizations, campuses, and geographic areas attached to research and education networks.

4. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 GIS main Goal … to come up with an enhanced, concrete and structured measuring approach that will lead to a deeper understanding and addressing of the Digital Divide (DD) challenges in the Research & Education Networking context. Quantify the Digital Divide & Digital Opportunity Quantify the need for improved network performance

5. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Why a Framework? Stakeholders need information, benchmarks and analysis to evaluate what has been achieved, as well as what is achievable in the future in each member state and neighboring countries for appropriate policy interventions to take place. “it is part of the vision of the European Research Area that researchers throughout Europe, irrespective of location, will be able to contribute fully to its high-quality research activities. This represents equality of opportunity for researchers, and increasingly, advanced research networks such as GÉANT and the NRENs are playing a key role in achieving this.” The SERENATE study

6. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 GIS Target Areas GN2 Austria (ACOnet) Belgium (BELNET) Bulgaria (BREN) Croatia (CARNet) Cyprus (CYNET) Czech Republic (CESNET) Denmark (UNI-C) Estonia (EENet) Finland (FUNET) France (RENATER) Germany (DFN) Greece (GRNET) Hungary (HUNGARNET) Iceland (RHnet) Ireland (HEAnet) Israel (IUCC) Italy (GARR) GN2 Observers & SEEREN Serbia (AMRES) FYR of Macedonia (MARNet) SEEREN Albania (ANA) Montenegro (MREN) Bosnia & Herzegovina (BIHARNET) PORTA OPTICA Belarus (BASNET) Moldova (RENAM) Ukraine (URAN) Azerbaijan (AzRENA) Georgia (GRENA) Armenia (ASNET) Latvia (LATNET) Lithuania (LITNET) Luxembourg (RESTENA) Malta (CSC) Netherlands (SURFnet) Norway (UNINETT) Poland (PIONIER) Portugal (FCCN) Romania (RoEduNet) Russia (RBNET/RUNNET) Slovakia (SANET) Slovenia (ARNES) Spain (RedIRIS) Sweden (SUNET) Switzerland (SWITCH) Turkey (ULAKBIM) United Kingdom (UKERNA) EUMEDCONNECT Algeria (ARN) Egypt (EUN) Jordan (JUNET) Lebanon (CNRS) Libya Morocco (CNCPSRT) Palestine (PADI2) Syria (HIAST) Tunisia (MRST) OCASSION Kazakhstan (KazRENA) Kyrgyzstan (KRENA- AKNET) Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan (UzSciNet)

7. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Presentation Topics The DD in the REN context A Framework for measuring the DD in REN The RENDDI structure Key Findings and Future Work

8. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 The International Experience

9. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Digital Opportunity Index (2005) (ITU/UNCTDA/KADO)

10. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Digital Opportunity Index (2005)

11. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Digital Opportunity Index (2005)

12. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Digital Access Index (2003) (ITU)

13. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Digital Access Index (2003)

14. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Networked Readiness Index (2007) (WEF/Insead)

15. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 The RENDDI Framework –Captures the causes as well as the effects of the Digital Divide, exposing both the readiness as well as the intensity of use of digital resources and technologies –Data collected via high-quality sources, e.g. the Compendium or other databases from the ITU, WorldBank, EuroStat, etc, and processed via robust statistical methods. –Allows for consistent and periodical measurements and assessments Permits comparisons of the Digital Divide evolution (whether it is diminishing and at what speed)—both changes in absolute scores, as well as changes in rankings. –Based on a core set of indicators that illustrate features of the Digital Divide and fits the purpose of wide deployment Can be grouped in logical classifications/categories/areas with special interest (e.g. enabling factors/opportunity, infrastructure, usage, etc) Can be convoluted into a single Research and Education Networking Digital Divide Index (RENDDI)

16. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Presentation Topics The DD in the REN context A Framework for measuring the DD in REN The RENDDI structure Key Findings and Future Work

17. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure CategorySub-category Infrastructure Usage Affordability Knowledge Quality Network capacity/performance Resources utilization => traffic generated Financial status Related infrastructure landscapePolicy environment Human developmentHuman output User perception => network quality How good is my network? How much my network is used? Can I build a good network? What is the capacity to build and use my network?

18. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure Infrastructure Category CategorySub-category Infrastructure CategorySub-category Access network capacity External connectivity capacity Core network capacity N e t w o r k c a p a c i t y / p e r f o r m a n c e

19. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure Categories CategorySub-category Infrastructure Usage Affordability Knowledge Quality External connectivity capacity Core network capacity Access network capacity IP outgoing trafficIP incoming traffic GDP Expenditure on educationExpenditure on R&D LiteracySchool enrolmentPatentsResearchers in R&D Availability NREN budget CategorySub-category Internet tariffInternational Internet bandw.Internet usersBroadband users Regulatory situation Unreachability LossesJitter Throughput

20. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Input External connectivity (compendium)

21. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Input Core Network Size (compendium)

22. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Input Core Capacity on the Network (compendium)

23. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Input Access Network Capacity (compendium)

24. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure Infrastructure Index CategorySub-category Infrastructure Core network size per user Core network capacity per user CategorySub-category External connectivity with peerings per user Core network size per sq km Access network capacity per user External connectivity without peerings per user N e t w o r k c a p a c i t y / p e r f o r m a n c e

25. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure Infrastructure Index (cont’d) CategorySub-category Infrastructure Index Core network size Index1 Core network capacity Index CategorySub-category External connectivity with peerings Index Core network size Index2 Access network capacity Index NREN External Connectivity Index NREN Core Network Connectivity Index NREN Access Network Connectivity Index External connectivity without peerings Index 67% 33% 30% 10% 60% 100% 33%

26. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 REN Infrastructure Index (2006) Per user in average Netherlands: (internat. connections) 84,18kbps (access network): 71,03kbps Iceland: (internat. connections) 59,18kbps (access network): 1.152,28kbps Slovakia: (internat. connections) 78,45kbps (access network): 186,61kbps Russia: (internat. connections) 0,27kbps (access network): 1,55kbps

27. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI Structure Sub-Indexes CategorySub-category Infrastructure Index Usage Index Affordability Index Knowledge Index Quality Index Core network size per user Core network capacity per user IP outgoing traffic per userIP incoming traffic per user GDP per capitaExpenditure on education % of GDP Expenditure on R&D % Adult LiteracySchool enrolmentPatents per capita Researchers per capita NREN budget % CategorySub-category Internet tariff % International Internet bandw.per capita Internet users per capita Broadband users pc Regulatory situation External connectivity without peerings per user External connectivity with peerings per userCore network size per sq km Access network capacity per user 50% 20% 10% Availability Unreachability LossesJitter Throughput

28. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI (2006) - top 30

29. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI (2006) - next 30

30. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI (2006)

31. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 RENDDI vs other related Indices

32. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Presentation Topics The DD in the REN context A Framework for measuring the DD in REN The RENDDI structure Key Findings and Future Work

33. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Key findings (1/4) Ranking and comparing countries on the 5 main sub-indices, is probably more useful than on the main RENDDI –The sub-indices can allow for specific policy recommendations and concrete action plans in order to address low-ranked attributes. –A country’s overall RENDDI score can be used to benchmark the performance on the main sub-indices in order to produce a specific diagnosis on intra-indicators correlations and deviations.

34. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Key findings (2/4) Time evolution (trend) of RENDDI and its sub-indices is significantly more meaningful than a static snapshot –This requires dedicated resources, commitment, and consistency, in order to implement a data collection, validation, and analysis (both offline and online) process that caries over a long period of time (e.g. min 3-5 years)

35. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Key findings (3/4) TERENA Compendium is widely accepted by the NREN community as a reference point of data gathering, however, a data validation mechanism is required in order to ensure data correctness as much as possible –A data validation mechanism will also encourage cooperation and coordination among the NREN, Academia, Ministries, and other stakeholders in order to produce a cohesive national policy and consensus. –The RENDDI offers up to a point that validation mechanism

36. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Key findings (4/4) The RENDDI provide R&E policymakers a policy tool –A comprehensive statistical framework to monitor the RENDD –A frame of reference for comparisons over time and between regions –A benchmark for monitoring internal disparities in REN Infrastructure, Usage, Affordability, Knowledge and Quality based on classificatory variables of interest to the R&E community –A Tool to evaluate the impact of REN policies

37. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Future Work Further confirm the data in the databases and evaluate further the convolution methods Identify data for the Quality Index (pinger) “Run” the Index again for 2007 Present the findings to the Stakeholders: –The National Research and Education Networks –The management of research institutes, universities and other organisations that could benefit from research and education networks –Governments and research funding bodies for the development of future strategies –The European Commission, which is sponsoring the study and values the Digital Divide issue high in its policy agenda –The members of the European Parliament

38. The EARNEST Foresight Study 2006 - 2007 Acknowledgements TERENA EARNEST panel Geographic Issues Study Advisory Board Institute of Computer and Communications Systems ITU, WSIS, WorldBank, OECD, ICT4ICT