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COMP 1321 Digital Infrastructure Richard Henson University of Worcester September 2015.

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1 COMP 1321 Digital Infrastructure Richard Henson University of Worcester September 2015

2 What is this module about? n n On successful completion of the module, you should be able to:   Describe a range of digital platforms and networks and explain the context for use of each platform   Apply tools involving digital hardware and digital logic to solve real world problems   Explore the contents of a digital storage medium using computer forensic software and extract information that could be used as evidence

3 More Learning Outcomes n n Apply networking principles to provide connectivity between digital devices on a range of platforms that can be used for sharing data and control of processes n n Use penetration testing software, in accordance with relevant standards and legislation, to identify vulnerabilities

4 What is a computer? n n In small groups…   Four attributes of a computer…   What is it?   What does it do?   10 minutes

5 Are these computers? n n AbacusTypewriter Bathroom scales Car speedometer Thermostat Stonehenge Pocket calculator Person DVD playerMicrophone

6 History of Computing (Origins) n n 3400 BC: counting in tens (Egypt) 2600 BC: Abacus (China) 1900-1600 BC: Stonehenge completed 260 BC: base-20 counting – including zero (Maya – Central America)

7 Abacus n n Ref: http://www.tased.edu.au/schools/rokebyh/curric/infotec h/stage1/assign2/pre20th.htm http://www.tased.edu.au/schools/rokebyh/curric/infotec h/stage1/assign2/pre20th.htm

8 Stonehenge n n Ref: http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/courses.htmlhttp://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/courses.html

9 History of Computing (Europe) n n 967 AD: Zero in the eastern hemisphere (Muhammad Bin Ahmad) n n Around 1500: Design of mechanical calculator (Leonardo da Vinci) n n 1614: Logarithms (John Napier) n n 1621: Slide rule (Edmund Gunter, William Oughtred)

10 Slide rules n n Ref: http://osaki.cool.ne.jp/other/other/sliderule/sliderule.htmlhttp://osaki.cool.ne.jp/other/other/sliderule/sliderule.html

11 History of Computing (Europeans – continued) n n 1642: Adding machine (Blaise Pascal) 1679: Binary arithmetic (Gottfried Leibnitz) 1820s and 1830s: Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine 1840s George Boole: Boolean Algebra – algebra using just 0 and 1

12 Babbage n n Ref: http://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/merschwib.htmlhttp://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/merschwib.html

13 Boole: inventor of “digital” n n Ref: http://buttrysymicaela.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/george-boole.htmlhttp://buttrysymicaela.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/george-boole.html n Would be 200 years old this year… n Work buried from his death (1864) until the 1930s…

14 European Domination (mostly British) n n 1835: Electric Relay (Davy) n n 1843: The idea of Computer Programming (Ada Lovelace (Byron) ) n n 1904: Vacuum tubes (“valves”) birth of electronics (John – not Alexander - Fleming) n n The Second World War   1936: Programmable computer (Konrad Zuse, Germany)   1943: Colossus, based on relays – won the war?

15 Colossus – what’s that! n n Top secret code breaker … 9000 people worked at Bletchley Park during ww2… above, two of them… n n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF48sl15OCg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF48sl15OCg n n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46SI79feHT4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46SI79feHT4

16 Bletchley Park (shhh… Top secret!) n Set up in 1940 to crack German codes…  succeeded… estimated that war shortened by 2 years  but no-one could talk about it!  In 1985 one of the great codebreakers wrote a book… »but authorities disapproved, made his life difficult, and he died young. Name: Gordon Weichman: »http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-genius http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-geniushttp://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-genius

17 US domination n n Late 1930s: Shannon used Boolean Logic n n 1947: Transistor (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William Shockley) n n 1949: ENIAC First commercial computer n n 1960s: First minicomputer, the DEC PDP-1 (Program, Data, Processor)

18 UK computing in the 50s & 60s n The first “electronic brain”  http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069r3rt http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069r3rt n The first electronic office:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 n The first electronic lottery:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4

19 US more domination… n n 1967: Relational database n n 1969: Internet begins with 4 mainframes n n 1971:Floppy disks (IBM: Alan Shugart et al.) n n 1972: Intel, microprocessor n n 1975: Apple, first microcomputer n n 1976: Microsoft, computer language on a chip n n 1981: IBM PC launched with Microsoft Operating system, MS-DOS

20 Programming n n “A computer will do what you tell it to do, but that may be very different from what you had in mind.”   Joseph Weizenbaum

21 European Comeback? n n 1988: ARM CPU chip (Acorn)   used in many mobile phones n n 1991: World Wide Web founded at EU research facility, CERN, under the Swiss Alps (Sir Tim Berners-Lee) n n Late 1990s: Linux & Nokia

22 Development of Infrastructure n n Input-output extended through dumb terminals (Wang, 1970s) n n Linked together   Peer-peer networks (Internet…) n n Networks evolve into client-server (1980s)   client-end usable by non-specialists

23 Networking: Integration of Telephone & Digital Infrastructures n n OSI model (1978)   International Standard in 1984 n n European (French) domination   stubbornly analogue…   digital data had to be converted before transmission   very slow evolution… n n Gradual evolution to digital telecoms (1990s/2000s)   ADSL and fast broadband (not rural areas…)

24 More US domination n n Mobile phone n n i-player, i-phone, i-pad n n Smart phone n n Mobile apps n n Tablets & e-books n n Cloud computing n n What next?… wetware?

25 And Now This… n n The credit card sized Raspberry Pi…   designed in UK, and now manufactured in UK!   available for resale at less than £30

26 Digits? n n Odd word… used to mean fingers and toes   http://www.dribbleglass.com/Toes/uglytoes-2.htm http://www.dribbleglass.com/Toes/uglytoes-2.htm n n Therefore about whole numbers of things n n Gave birth to a hugely influential adjective… n n DIGITAL

27 Digital but not whole? n n Now any quantity can become digital!   based on approximation… n n Use “state” (on or off) to represent data   presence/absence of an electric voltage   low voltage or higher voltage 0-2 volts = off, 3-5 volts = on   binary (off = 0, on = 1) n n numbers electrical “square wave” pulses   great for working with transistors…

28 Digital multimeter n n Ref: http://www.universal- radio.com/catalog/fm_txvrs/03850208.htmlhttp://www.universal- radio.com/catalog/fm_txvrs/03850208.html

29 Analogue (as it really is…) n n Uses physical entities to represent data exactly   e.g. the size of an electric voltage, the frequency of a signal, etc.

30 Analogue multimeter n n Ref: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/multimtr.htm http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/multimtr.htm

31 Analogue and Digital n n The real world has always been analogue… n n Digital World = post-war human invention   thanks to George Boole… 100 years earlier n n Discussion:   analogue or digital… which is best?

32 Summary n n No fuzziness in digital: exact value n n No fractions in digital: precision of value limited to last digit n n Electronics easier with digital n n Precision of instruction is crucial: n n Computers don’t need tea-breaks (!)


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