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COMP 1321 Digital Infrastructure Richard Henson University of Worcester September 2015
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What is this module about? n n On successful completion of the module, you should be able to: Describe a range of digital platforms and networks and explain the context for use of each platform Apply tools involving digital hardware and digital logic to solve real world problems Explore the contents of a digital storage medium using computer forensic software and extract information that could be used as evidence
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More Learning Outcomes n n Apply networking principles to provide connectivity between digital devices on a range of platforms that can be used for sharing data and control of processes n n Use penetration testing software, in accordance with relevant standards and legislation, to identify vulnerabilities
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What is a computer? n n In small groups… Four attributes of a computer… What is it? What does it do? 10 minutes
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Are these computers? n n AbacusTypewriter Bathroom scales Car speedometer Thermostat Stonehenge Pocket calculator Person DVD playerMicrophone
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History of Computing (Origins) n n 3400 BC: counting in tens (Egypt) 2600 BC: Abacus (China) 1900-1600 BC: Stonehenge completed 260 BC: base-20 counting – including zero (Maya – Central America)
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Abacus n n Ref: http://www.tased.edu.au/schools/rokebyh/curric/infotec h/stage1/assign2/pre20th.htm http://www.tased.edu.au/schools/rokebyh/curric/infotec h/stage1/assign2/pre20th.htm
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Stonehenge n n Ref: http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/courses.htmlhttp://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/courses.html
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History of Computing (Europe) n n 967 AD: Zero in the eastern hemisphere (Muhammad Bin Ahmad) n n Around 1500: Design of mechanical calculator (Leonardo da Vinci) n n 1614: Logarithms (John Napier) n n 1621: Slide rule (Edmund Gunter, William Oughtred)
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Slide rules n n Ref: http://osaki.cool.ne.jp/other/other/sliderule/sliderule.htmlhttp://osaki.cool.ne.jp/other/other/sliderule/sliderule.html
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History of Computing (Europeans – continued) n n 1642: Adding machine (Blaise Pascal) 1679: Binary arithmetic (Gottfried Leibnitz) 1820s and 1830s: Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine 1840s George Boole: Boolean Algebra – algebra using just 0 and 1
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Babbage n n Ref: http://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/merschwib.htmlhttp://w1.131.telia.com/~u13101111/merschwib.html
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Boole: inventor of “digital” n n Ref: http://buttrysymicaela.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/george-boole.htmlhttp://buttrysymicaela.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/george-boole.html n Would be 200 years old this year… n Work buried from his death (1864) until the 1930s…
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European Domination (mostly British) n n 1835: Electric Relay (Davy) n n 1843: The idea of Computer Programming (Ada Lovelace (Byron) ) n n 1904: Vacuum tubes (“valves”) birth of electronics (John – not Alexander - Fleming) n n The Second World War 1936: Programmable computer (Konrad Zuse, Germany) 1943: Colossus, based on relays – won the war?
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Colossus – what’s that! n n Top secret code breaker … 9000 people worked at Bletchley Park during ww2… above, two of them… n n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF48sl15OCg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF48sl15OCg n n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46SI79feHT4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46SI79feHT4
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Bletchley Park (shhh… Top secret!) n Set up in 1940 to crack German codes… succeeded… estimated that war shortened by 2 years but no-one could talk about it! In 1985 one of the great codebreakers wrote a book… »but authorities disapproved, made his life difficult, and he died young. Name: Gordon Weichman: »http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-genius http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-geniushttp://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b069gxz7/bletchley-park- codebreakings-forgotten-genius
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US domination n n Late 1930s: Shannon used Boolean Logic n n 1947: Transistor (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William Shockley) n n 1949: ENIAC First commercial computer n n 1960s: First minicomputer, the DEC PDP-1 (Program, Data, Processor)
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UK computing in the 50s & 60s n The first “electronic brain” http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069r3rt http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069r3rt n The first electronic office: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 n The first electronic lottery: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069rvb4
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US more domination… n n 1967: Relational database n n 1969: Internet begins with 4 mainframes n n 1971:Floppy disks (IBM: Alan Shugart et al.) n n 1972: Intel, microprocessor n n 1975: Apple, first microcomputer n n 1976: Microsoft, computer language on a chip n n 1981: IBM PC launched with Microsoft Operating system, MS-DOS
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Programming n n “A computer will do what you tell it to do, but that may be very different from what you had in mind.” Joseph Weizenbaum
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European Comeback? n n 1988: ARM CPU chip (Acorn) used in many mobile phones n n 1991: World Wide Web founded at EU research facility, CERN, under the Swiss Alps (Sir Tim Berners-Lee) n n Late 1990s: Linux & Nokia
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Development of Infrastructure n n Input-output extended through dumb terminals (Wang, 1970s) n n Linked together Peer-peer networks (Internet…) n n Networks evolve into client-server (1980s) client-end usable by non-specialists
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Networking: Integration of Telephone & Digital Infrastructures n n OSI model (1978) International Standard in 1984 n n European (French) domination stubbornly analogue… digital data had to be converted before transmission very slow evolution… n n Gradual evolution to digital telecoms (1990s/2000s) ADSL and fast broadband (not rural areas…)
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More US domination n n Mobile phone n n i-player, i-phone, i-pad n n Smart phone n n Mobile apps n n Tablets & e-books n n Cloud computing n n What next?… wetware?
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And Now This… n n The credit card sized Raspberry Pi… designed in UK, and now manufactured in UK! available for resale at less than £30
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Digits? n n Odd word… used to mean fingers and toes http://www.dribbleglass.com/Toes/uglytoes-2.htm http://www.dribbleglass.com/Toes/uglytoes-2.htm n n Therefore about whole numbers of things n n Gave birth to a hugely influential adjective… n n DIGITAL
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Digital but not whole? n n Now any quantity can become digital! based on approximation… n n Use “state” (on or off) to represent data presence/absence of an electric voltage low voltage or higher voltage 0-2 volts = off, 3-5 volts = on binary (off = 0, on = 1) n n numbers electrical “square wave” pulses great for working with transistors…
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Digital multimeter n n Ref: http://www.universal- radio.com/catalog/fm_txvrs/03850208.htmlhttp://www.universal- radio.com/catalog/fm_txvrs/03850208.html
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Analogue (as it really is…) n n Uses physical entities to represent data exactly e.g. the size of an electric voltage, the frequency of a signal, etc.
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Analogue multimeter n n Ref: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/multimtr.htm http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/multimtr.htm
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Analogue and Digital n n The real world has always been analogue… n n Digital World = post-war human invention thanks to George Boole… 100 years earlier n n Discussion: analogue or digital… which is best?
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Summary n n No fuzziness in digital: exact value n n No fractions in digital: precision of value limited to last digit n n Electronics easier with digital n n Precision of instruction is crucial: n n Computers don’t need tea-breaks (!)
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