1. Chapter 4Industrial Standards  4.0Introduction to Standards 4.0Introduction to Standards 4.0Introduction to Standards  4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries  4.2Pros and Cons of Industrial Standards 4.2Pros and Cons of Industrial Standards 4.2Pros and Cons of Industrial Standards

2. 4.0Introduction to Standards Standards a framework for product development help maintain an open and competitive market guarantee international interoperability Categories of standards “de facto” existing in actual fact “de jure” by right, according to law

3. 4.0Introduction to Standards Standards organisations in IT industries ISO ITU-T ANSI IEEE and EIA

4. 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries Standard-creation committee test, evaluate and standardise new technology Forum speed up the development of new technology Regulatory agency protect the public interest

5. 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) voluntary and multinational committee dedicate to worldwide agreement on international standards form Open System Interconnection (OSI) model for network communication

6. 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T) define national standards for telecommunication V series defines data transmission via phone lines

7. 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries American National Standards Institute (ANSI) submit proposals to ITU-T designated voting member from US in ISO Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) advance theory, creativity and product quality in engineering develop and adopt international standards for computing and communications

8. 4.1Standards Organisations in IT Industries Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) promotions of electronics manufacturing concerns public awareness education lobbying efforts standards development defining physical connect interface and electronic signaling specifications for data communications

9. Advantages of industrial standards guarantee national and international interoperability lower design and development cost the best talent and practice from vendors can be merged to form better standards engineers share ideas with others to speed up technical advancement 4.2Pros and Cons of Industrial Standards

10. Disadvantages of industrial standards slow down development by forcing adherence to a single standard subject to political inference from different pressure groups the best technical design may not be adopted vendors that hasn’t gained direct control do not want to commit resources to develop a standard vendors from developed countries fear competition from others 4.2Pros and Cons of Industrial Standards

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