1. Anatomy & Physiology Introduction and Terminology

2. Anatomy of Terms Prefix – ___________ of word – Usually indicates #, ________, time, or status Root – Essential _________ of word Combining Vowel – Single vowel added to end of word, usually to make the word ________ to pronounce Combining form – Root and combining _______ Suffix – ________ of word – Usually indicates procedure, condition, disease, or disorder

3. Prefix Added to root of a word to modify the meaning – Pre- _____________ Ex. Preoperative (before an operation) – Peri- _____________ Ex. Perioperative (pertains to the period surrounding an operation; either before, during or after) – Post- _____________ Ex. Postoperative (after operation)

4. Combining Vowel Added to make a medical term easier to pronounce – Used when suffix begins with a ___________ i.e. –scope (arthroscope=examines the joint) “O” is most common, but “I, E” is also used – Not used when _________ begins with vowel i.e. –itis (gastritis=inflammation of stomach) – __________ used when 2+ root words are joined Gastr/o (stomach) joined with enter/o (small intestine) =gastroenteritis – NOT used between prefix and root words

5. Combining Forms Root word + combining vowel Usually used to describe a part of the _______ Creates new words when ________ to prefixes, other combining forms, and suffixes Ex. Panleukopenia – Pan- prefix meaning all – Leuk/o Combining form meaning white – -penia A suffix meaning deficiency or reduction in number – Panleukopenia then means a deficiency in all white blood cells

6. Suffixes Attached to the end of a word part to modify its meaning – Ex. Combining form gastr/o means stomach – Modifications: -tomy – cutting into or incision (gastronomy=incision into the stomach) -stomy – surgically created opening (gastrostomy=surgically created opening between stomach and body surface) -ectomy – surgical removal or excision (gastrectomy=surgical removal of the stomach)

7. Analyzing Medical Terminology Dissect – Look at the word structure and _______ it into basic components Begin at the END – After dividing the word: Define the ________ – If two, divide and read left to right Examples: – Gastroenteritis gastr/o – enter – itis- – Overiohysterectomy ovario/o- hyster -ectomy

9. Positional Terms Cranial – Towards the ________ Caudal – Towards the tail Ventral – Belly or _________ of a body or body part Dorsal – _____________ – Front of leg Rostral – Nose end of head Proximal – Nearest the __________ or nearest the beginning of a structure Distal – ______________ from mid-line or farthest from the beginning of a structure

10. More Positional Terms Anterior (in _______ of) – Front of the body – Used more in description of organs or body parts because front and rear are confusing terms in quadrupeds as their bellies are down not in front like in humans Posterior (in ______ of) – Rear of the body Medial – Towards the midline Lateral – Away from the _________ – Towards the side of animal Superior – Any area _______ the head Inferior – Any area towards the feet

11. One More Positional… Superficial – Near the surface – Also called external ___________ – Away from the surface – Also called internal  Palmar  Back of the ___________  Plantar  Back of hind limb

12. Anatomical Planes

13. Median Plane – Divides the body into ________ left and right halves Sagittal Plane – Parallel to median plane but __________ divide the body into equal parts Dorsal Plane – Divides the body symmetrically dorsally and ventrally Transverse Plane – Transects any body part __________________ to its own long axis. Ex. Cinch on a saddle Horizontal Plane – At right angles to both median and transverse planes – Divides body into dorsal and ventral segments (not equal parts) Ex. Cow walks into water up to chest…the water surface is a horizontal plane in relation to the cow

14. Movement Terms Adduction – Movement _______ the midline Abduction – Movement ________ from the midline Flexion – Closure of a joint angle, ______________ of the angle between two bones Ex. Contracting bicep involves flexing your elbow Extension – Straightening of a joint or an _____________ in the angle between two bones Ex. You extend your hand to shake hands Hyperflexion/hyperextension – Occurs when a joint is flexed or extended ___________ far. Supination – Act of rotating the limb or body part so that the _________ surface is turned upward Pronation – Act of rotating the limb so that the palmer surface is turned _____________

15. Equine (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) – Stallion Intact male > ____ yrs old – Mare Intact ________ > 4 yrs old – Filly Intact female <4 yrs old – Gelding ____________________ – Ridgeling Cryptorchid – Foal _______ equine (either sex) – Weanling Young equine ______ 1 yr old – Foaling Giving birth – Herd _________ of equine – Band Group of horses consisting of one mature stallion, mares, and female offspring of his mares – Brood Mare Breeding __________ – Maiden mare Female equine ________ bred – Barren mare (open mare) Intact female not bred or didn’t _____________ previous season – Wet mare Intact female that has foaled during the current season

16. Classification of Animals Domestic Animals AnimalSpecies Name Horse (equine)Equus caballus Genus – (upper case) Species – (lowercase)

17. More Definitions…. Anatomy – Science that deals with the __________ and _____________ of all organisms Physiology – Study of integrated ___________ of the body and the functions of all its parts Systems, organs, tissues, cells, cell components Gross Anatomy – Study of ______, ________, and __________ that are visible with the unaided eye

18. Nomenclature for Systematic Anatomy SystemName of StudyChief Structures SkeletalOseologyBones ArticularArthrologyJoints MuscularMyologyMuscles DigestiveGastroenterologyStomach and Intestines RespiratoryOtorhinolaryngologyLungs and airways UrinaryUrologyKidneys and bladder ReproductiveFemale: Gynecology Male: Andrology Ovaries and testes EndocrineEndocrinolgyDuctless Glands NervousNeurologyBrain, spinal cord, nerves CirculatoryCardiologyHeart and vessels SystemName of StudyChief Structures SkeletalOseologyBones ArticularArthrology_____________ MuscularMyologyMuscles DigestiveGastroenterologyStomach and Intestines RespiratoryOtorhinolaryngologyLungs and airways Urinary_______________Kidneys and bladder ReproductiveFemale: Gynecology Male: Andrology Ovaries and testes EndocrineEndocrinolgy___________ glands NervousNeurologyBrain, spinal cord, nerves Circulatory_________________Heart and vessels