1. Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time in coral reef fishes Serge PLANES Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr

2. Connectivity, why is concentrating so much effort… Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr Represents the scale at which populations respond to the environment.Represents the scale at which populations respond to the environment. Represents the scale at which species adapt to the environment.Represents the scale at which species adapt to the environment. Scales of management can be adjusted to dispersal distances to achieve different management goals. For example, the appropriate size and/or spacing of marine reserves as:Scales of management can be adjusted to dispersal distances to achieve different management goals. For example, the appropriate size and/or spacing of marine reserves as: Harvest refugiaHarvest refugia Conservation sanctuariesConservation sanctuaries

3. Connectivity and conservation… => Different processes, different mechanisms, different interpretations Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr Different approaches (genetic)

4. Genetic approach… (genetic models) Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr Population level => self recruitment => relatedness estimates Metapopulation level => gene flow estimates => Allelic frequencies variation Species level => phylogeny, phylogeography => mutation from common ancestor

5. Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr Speciation and dispersal of species Several evidences of geographix isolation  Temporal concordance among clade genesis  Temporal concordance in relation with sea-level change  Evidence of allopatry in younger clades No sympatry found before 4 My of divergence Absence of geographic concordance among clades => Overall modern distribution of species is not related to its age whatever their dispersal capabilities

6. Population genetic to understand connectivity… Connectivity over ecological and evolutionary time Serge Planes (planes@univ-perp.fr)planes@univ-perp.fr => No general trend among the several species surveyed GBR, Polynesia : different out comes => Assumption of equilibrium in most computations and consider all species on a same evolutionary stage => genetic structure cannot be directely translated into biological and ecological outcomes

7. Paternity approach Numerous variable markers Collect tissues samples of potential adults Collect of new recruits Need to characterise each individual (microsatellite) Example: A species case with 10 loci (µsat) (independant, equilibrium, equally frequent) => the number of potential allele combination is 10 (2x10) …. => the probability to found 2 similar genotypes is 1/ 10 (2x10) => Far from most population size at regional area 10 Allele 1Allele 2Allele 3Allele 4 10 Allele 5 10 Allele 6 10 Allele7

8. The Kimbe bay - Amphiprion percula case study

9. Kimbe Bay case study Adult sampling

10. Kimbe Bay case study A (31) B (20) C (10) D (21) E (37) F (1) G (10) 15 4 6 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 9 3 (Total new recruits) Overall selft-recruits 66 out of 130 (51%) Lagoon A: 15 (48%) Lagoon B: 1 Lagoon C: 0 Lagoon D: 1 Lagoon E: 9 (24%) Lagoon G: 1 Main Flux: G-C-B-A 2004

11. Turae Kapepa Kimbe Wulai Restoff Schuman Kimbe case study 2 1 2 4 3 71 34 39 11 59 6% 10% 3%