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Published byPercival Cummings Modified over 9 years ago
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Chapter 1 From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations
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Prehistory – time before writing
Terms Prehistory – time before writing
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What are some examples of artifacts?
Archaeologist Artifacts – human made objects What are some examples of artifacts?
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Stone Age A. Paleolithic – Old Stone Age (2.5 million to 8000 BCE)
1. Technology – Stone tools, fire, language
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2. Art – Cave paintings, possibly religious meaning (usually of animals)
3. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania – Humans originated in E. Africa
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4. Gender Roles Men: hunt large animals
Women: gathered, cared for children, maintained tools, clothing and prepared food.
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B. Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age (12000-8000 BCE)
After last ice age Domesticated Animals
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**Neolithic Revolution AKA Agriculture Revolution**
C. Neolithic – New Stone Age BCE **Neolithic Revolution AKA Agriculture Revolution**
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Why did farming happen? Population increase Climate change Gradual experimentation by gatherers
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Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?
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Why do some archeologists believe that women were the first farmers?
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Effect of Agricultural Revolution
Population increase Labor divided into food-producing and non-producing job hierarchies
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Social complexities = greater gender differences
Disease increased = need for higher birthrate
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D. Bronze Age 4000 BCE people began to work with copper (instead of rocks)
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Why is the Neolithic Revolution a turning point in history?
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Civilization Started after Neolithic Revolution; in the cooperative effort of irrigation
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Eight Features of a Civilization
Cities are the central feature of a civilization: without them, you do not have a civilization!
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1. Cities
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2. Organized Government
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3. Complex Religion
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4. Job Specialization
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5. Social Classes KING PRIEST WORKERS SLAVES
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6. Art and Architecture
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7. Public Works
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8. Writing
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Mesopotamia (Sumerians) “land between 2 Rivers”
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A. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers-Fertile Crescent.
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Independent city-states ruled by a king
B. Political Organization: Theocracy Independent city-states ruled by a king Shared Culture, Developed own government Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Ur (major cities)
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C. Religion Polytheistic (3000 gods) Ziggurats – temples used for worship Epic of Gilgamesh (Noah’s Ark) (long poem) Geography affects religion!
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Kings/Priests – talked to gods Wealthy merchants Peasants (90%)
D. Society Kings/Priests – talked to gods Wealthy merchants Peasants (90%) Slaves (POW or sold into by parents
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Cuneiform – wrote on clay tablets
E. Writing Cuneiform – wrote on clay tablets Scribes/priests did most of the writing
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Technology 60
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Wheel Sail Plow #’s based on 60 Copper 1st system of writing Irrigation
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Judaism Began around 2000BCE in present day Palestine (Israel)
Monotheistic – Yahweh – created the world and all living things Holy Law – Ten Commandments
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Holy Book – Torah (1st five books of the Old Testament)
Prophets – were God’s voice for the people and told people God’s will. Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests)
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Holy Book – Torah (1st five books of the Old Testament)
Prophets – were God’s voice for the people and told people God’s will. Major Difference: All people had access to God (not just priests)
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Israelites – Followers of Judaism
Jerusalem – Capital City Reign of Kings: King Saul King David King Solomon – Built the temple for God
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After Solomon; Israel divided into 2 Kingdoms:
Kingdom of Israel – 10 Northern Tribes (Samaria); overrun by the Assyrians in 722BCE Kingdom of Judah – (Jerusalem); Chaldeans destroyed Jerusalem (586BCE)
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Eventually Israelites were captured and enslaved in Babylon
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