1. 1.1 Before Civilization pgs. 4-15

2. The “Stone Age” Named the “Stone Age” because most tools during this period were made of stone Later ages will be bronze and iron Two major divisions Paleolithic: Old Stone Age Neolithic: New Stone Age

3. Food Gathering and Stone Technology Foraging: Hunting and gathering to survive Most nutrition came from fruits, berries, seeds, and roots

4. Food Gathering and Stone Technology Hunting was done by men and gathering was done by women and children

5. Food Gathering and Stone Technology Hunting and gathering were seen as equally important Men and women were considered to be equals

6. Food Gathering and Stone Technology Foraging humans lived in groups of between 20 and 50 people Large enough to provide protection from other groups but small enough not to exhaust all food resources in a given area

8. Food Gathering and Stone Technology In “game-rich” areas such as the African grasslands, groups only spent three to five hours a day securing food, clothing, and shelter There was a lot of time in the day for artistic endeavors, tool making, and social life

9. Food Gathering and Stone Technology The foundations of science, art, and religion date back to this time period Edible/medicinal plants, animal behavior, etc. Cave paintings usually displayed hunting scenes Formal burials indicate a belief in the afterlife

11. The Agricultural Revolutions Agricultural Revolutions: The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000 B.C.E. and 2000 B.C.E. This is often called the “Neolithic Revolution” in some cases but that term is not as accurate

13. The Agricultural Revolutions The transition from food gathering to food production took place over hundreds of generations Forager groups returned to the same seasonal camps each year, leaving seeds and removing weeds to encourage the growth of edible crops

14. The Agricultural Revolutions Different crops were grown across the globe including rice in China, wheat in Greece, and maize in Mexico

15. The Agricultural Revolutions As agriculture replaced gathering, pastoralism (mostly) replaced hunting Pastoralism: The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock Examples included sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, horses, cows, and llamas

16. The Agricultural Revolutions

17. Why did this revolution occur? Warming of the earth led to a decrease in the population of animals that could be hunted

18. The Agricultural Revolutions Humans went from being nomadic (always on the move, trying to find food) to sedentary (staying in one place to ensure the success of their crops)

19. The Agricultural Revolutions This sedentary lifestyle led to the spread of disease, as settlements were contaminated by human and animal waste as well as insects People had never lived and died so closely together before

20. Life in Neolithic Communities Early farmers worked harder and for longer periods of time than hunter/gathering peoples

21. Life in Neolithic Communities However, they were able to create a food surplus that hunting/gathering groups could not create This surplus allowed them so save crops for the winter or a drought

22. Life in Neolithic Communities As human being settled into an agricultural lifestyle, the importance of kinship and marriage grew exponentially

23. Life in Neolithic Communities People began to trace back their lineage for generations and became part of an individual “family” This was in contrast to the hunting/gathering clans that were essentially large families themselves, though not always related by blood

24. Life in Neolithic Communities Religions in agricultural communities centered around “Mother Earth”, a deity believed to be the source of life

25. Life in Neolithic Communities Additionally, other gods represented elements such as fire, wind, and rain

26. Life in Neolithic Communities Çatal Hüyük located in modern day Turkey

27. Life in Neolithic Communities In this new age land was the most valuable asset and those who had more would be more powerful than those who had less This system of land-based wealth would last for thousands of years

28. Life in Neolithic Communities After the Agricultural Revolution, men and women were no longer considered equals Men worked in the fields and women were expected to maintain the household and raise the children As women became confined to the household, they lost their ability to speak out and make an impact as governments/religions began to form

29. Life in Neolithic Communities With a stable food supply, civilizations were able to develop and populations grew Civilization: A group of people sharing similar cultural traits in large societies containing multiple cities and organized governments

30. Life in Neolithic Communities Specialization of Labor: The ability for other professions to exist due to the efficiency of food production

31. Life in Neolithic Communities Examples of specialized jobs include religious figures, artists, merchants, warriors, and government officials