1. Manchester April 20121 The Structure of Radio Sources The Molonglo Papers The Structure of Radio Sources The Molonglo Papers Resolving the Sky with radio interferometry 18 – 20 April 2012 Bruce McAdam University of Sydney 18 – 20 April 2012

2. Manchester April 20122 Astrophysics Group In 1961 by 1970 add In 1961 by 1970 add Bernard Mills Michael Large Alec Little Tony Turtle Arthur Watkinson Hugh Murdoch Bruce McAdam Dave Crawford Terry ButcherAlan Le Marne Mick White Jack Howes John Horne John Horne

3. Manchester April 20123 Molonglo Radio Observatory from the North

4. Manchester April 20124 The Centre of the Cross The continuous NS arm makes a 15m gap in the EW arm

5. Manchester April 20125 two halves spaced halves phase switched cross total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW two halves spaced halves phase switched cross total power interferometer cross correlation NS * EW

6. Manchester April 20126 MOST Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W MOST Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope E * W

7. Manchester April 20127 Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes 1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs 1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross  1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)  1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams 1968 – 1972 The Schilizzi period1968 – 1972 The Schilizzi period

8. Manchester April 20128 Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes 1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross 1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross Resolution of contemporary Telescopes Molonglo 408 MHz 0 – 1065 pencil CrossMolonglo 408 MHz 0 – 1065 pencil Cross 0 – 2130 EW fan beam 0 – 2130 EW fan beam Parkes 408 MHz 190 – 665 interferometerParkes 408 MHz 190 – 665 interferometer 1401 MHz570 - 2000 1401 MHz570 - 2000 Cambridge 4080 – 2040one mile synthesisCambridge 4080 – 2040one mile synthesis Owens Valley 14250 – 2300 intererometerOwens Valley 14250 – 2300 intererometer

9. Manchester April 20129 Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes 1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs 1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross  1967 11 Pencil Beams: (2.8 arcmin)  1968 + 3 EW beams produce 33 pencil beams 1978 24 August - the Cross switched off1978 24 August - the Cross switched off 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h synthesis 2.7 ° field1981 MOST - E *W 12 h synthesis 2.7 ° field 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype

10. Manchester April 201210 the first 10 PhD Students Thesis TopicYear Thesis TopicYear  John Sutton positions and calibration 1966  Mike Kesteven Supernova Remnants1968  David Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968  Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions 1970  Malcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies1970  Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size 1971  Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971  Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID 1972  Anne Green Spiral Structure of the Galaxy 1972  Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure 1972

11. Manchester April 201211 The Molonglo Papers Richard Schilizzi ’s first 1. March 1969 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 228-229 Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Two sources 0819-30 Two sources 0344-34 and 0819-30 Examples of 32 doubles from observations of 190 suspected extended or confused

12. Manchester April 201212 The Molonglo Papers 2 1970 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 337-340 Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles Five bright sources - all complex sructure ie not simple doubles 0336-35 NGC 1399 0511-30 17 m galaxy 0634-20 16.8 m E galaxy 0800-09 17 m galaxy 1333-33 11 m I C 4296 1333-33 Fax record during observation

13. Manchester April 201213 Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972 The Molonglo Papers 3 1972 Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, 545-558 Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. NGC 545 – 547 11.88m db pair in Abell cluster A194 The first of Richard’s international collaborations

14. Manchester April 201214 The Molonglo Papers 4 1973 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252 Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. The next international collaboration - after leaving Sydney The next international collaboration - after leaving Sydney 0211-47 17.5m galaxy 0214-48 14.4m D galaxy z = 0.064 1234-72 14.5m E galaxy z = 0.0226 1846-63 15m E galaxy 1951-50 18m UV object

15. Manchester April 201215 The Molonglo Papers 5 1975 Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, 211-224 Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385. Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.

16. Manchester April 201216 The Molonglo Papers Richard Schilizzi’s Thesis Papers 6 1975 Schilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. 7 1975 Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, 75-100 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields This volume of the Memoirs was the major part of Richard’s thesis. A survey of extended sources over the southern sky : 116 sources +18 ° to - 80 ° declination; S > 1.5 Jy; size 2 – 15’. The optical fields of 114 sources yielded 34 new identifications and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5” and positions of 234 objects in 86 radio fields to 0.5”

17. Manchester April 201217 1333-33 IC 4296 408 MHz 11.11 m E0 galaxy 1401-33 NGC 5419 408 MHz 11.60 m E0 galaxy Two favourite structures With the Molonglo Cross - EW * NS 2.8 arcmin pencil beam

18. Manchester April 201218 Later, by 1983 using 4 x resolution with the MOST E * W synthesis 843 MHz 43 arcsec pencil beam Jones & McAdam

19. Manchester April 201219 The last of Richard’s Molonglo Papers –. McAdam & Schilizzi A & A 55, 67-71 Low brightness Low brightness Head-tail source Head-tail source Is it associated Is it associated with NGC 5419, with NGC 5419, the 11.60 E galaxy? the 11.60 E galaxy? MOST map @ 43” 8 1977 On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33

20. Manchester April 201220 Richard Schilizzi 1967 -1972 The eight Molonglo Papers - 1 1969 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 228-229 Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz. 2 1970 Schilizzi & McAdam Proc ASA 1, 337-340 Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure. 3 1972 Schilizzi, Lockhart & Wall Aust J Phys 25, 545-558 Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz. (1972 Thesis Structures of Extragalactic Radio Sources) 4 1973 Tritton & Schilizzi MNRAS 165, 245-252 Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources. 5 1975 Schilizzi & Ekers A & A Lett 40, 211-224 Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385. Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385. 6 1975 Schilizzi & McAdam Mem. RAS 79, 1-73 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures. 7 1975 Schilizzi Mem. RAS 79, 75-100 Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II The Optical Fields 8 1977 McAdam & Schilizzi A & A 55, 67-71 On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33. On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.

21. Manchester April 201221 other significant papers Miller Goss & Peter Shaver Galactic Structure I High Resolution 5000 MHz Observations II High Resolution 408 MHz Observations III Spectra and physical characteristics Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp. 14 1-196 1970 Aust. J, Physics Astrophys. Supp. 14 1-196 1970 Anne Green The Structure of the Milky Way I A Radio Continuum Survey of the Galactic Plane at 408 MHz Astron. Astrophys. Supp. 18 267-307 1974 Astron. Astrophys. Supp. 18 267-307 1974

22. Manchester April 201222 Shaver & Goss The Galactic Plane line profiles l = 330 - 334 contours of the same region

23. Manchester April 201223 Anne Green Spiral Structure of the Galaxy from a Radio Continuum Survey one of 16 maps along the plane from l 327 -333 MOST 843 MHz

24. Manchester April 201224 Anne Green Anne Green 12.5 spiral 12.5 spiral The sun is located in a spur, and the tangent directions from the present Survey are marked

25. Manchester April 201225 Fornax A One of the first large sources mapped in 1981 Jones & McAdam MOST: 43” beam

26. Manchester April 201226 20 & 30 years on... Richard Schilizzi Anne Green Peter Shaver Richard Hunstead July 2003 Bernard Mills - 1995

27. Manchester April 201227 Evolution of Cross & Molonglo Telescopes  1953- 1954 85 MHz Mills Cross at Fleurs  1960-1978 408 MHz Molonglo Cross  1967 11 Pencil Beams:  1968 3xEW beams; 33 pencil beams 1968 - 1972 The Schilizzi period 1968 - 1972 The Schilizzi period 1978 August: 408 Cross switched off 1981 MOST - E *W 12 h Synthesis 2009 SKAMP - the SKA Molonglo Prototype

28. Manchester April 201228 The Molonglo valley towards SE 0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre 0.8 x 0.8 km baselines from centre The Observatory Site

29. Manchester April 201229 The line focus of the EW Arm 408 MHz waveguides 111 MHz folded dipoles linear dipoles and feed lines

30. Manchester April 201230 177 NS modules each had 24 dipoles: 4248 phased in a gradient of n x 9/24° steps

31. Manchester April 201231 In 1965 The EW Fan beam was ready In 1965 The EW Fan beam was ready Terry Butcher on the cantilever ribsTerry Butcher on the cantilever ribs

32. Manchester April 201232 The End - thank you Bernard Mills in 1995

33. Manchester April 201233 The eight first papers by Richard Schilizzi  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1969Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 228-229  Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz.  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1970Proc Astron. Soc. Aust., 1, 337-340  Extra-galactic Radio Sources with Extended Structure.  R. T. Schilizzi, I. A. Lockhart and J. V. Wall,1972Aust. J. Phys., 25, 545-558  Observations of the Radio Source PKS 0123-01 at 5000, 408 and 80 MHz.  K. P. Tritton and R. T. Schilizzi 1973Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 165, 245-252  Identification of Extended Southern Radio Sources.  R. T. Schilizzi and R. D. Ekers,1975Astron. Astrophys. Lett., 40, 211-224  Radio Tail Source Associated with NGC 7385.  R. T. Schilizzi and W. B. McAdam,1975Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 1-73  Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - I. The Radio Structures.  R. T. Schilizzi, 1975Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 75-100  Observations of Extended Sources at 408 MHz - II. The Optical Fields.  W. B. McAdam and R. T. Schilizzi, 1977Astron. Astrophys., 55, 67-71  On the Radio Structure and Spectrum of 1401-33.

34. Manchester April 201234 plus the first PhD Students Thesis Topic Year Papers Thesis Topic Year Papers  John Sutton positions & occultations 1966 3  Mike Kesteven Super nova Remnants 1968 5  David Wyllie 408 MHz Absolute Flux Scale 1968 2  Peter Shaver Galactic HII Regions 1970 14  Malcolm Cameron Bright Galaxies 1970 8  Trevor Clarke Source models & angular size 1971 3  Bob Munro Positions & ID of 4C Sources 1971 9  Dick Hunstead Calibration & Optical ID 1972 14  Anne Green Spiral Structure of Galactic Plane 1972 7  Dick Schilizzi Extragalactic Source Structure 1972 8

35. Manchester April 201235 Specifications and Performance of the MOST  Centre frequency843 MHz  Effective bandwidth3 MHz  Time resolution0.5 microsec  Declination coverage +18.5 to -90 For full HA synthesis-30 to -90For full HA synthesis-30 to -90  Meridian angle swing 60 deg  Field size For full synthesis 23’ x 23’ cosec decFor full synthesis 23’ x 23’ cosec dec Time shared 160’ x 160’ cosec decTime shared 160’ x 160’ cosec dec  Synthesized beam43” x 43” cosec dec  System temperature110 K  System noise (far south, 12 hour) 0.2 mJy