1. Human development

2. Prenatal - Newborn Development

3. Conception Sperm penetrates an ova – Zygote –Complete set of genetic instructions –<50% of zygotes survive

4. Prenatal development Germinal period (zygote) - first 14 days –Zygote implants on day 10 Embryonic period - 3rd through 8th weeks Fetal period - 9th week through birth –Fetus is born ~week 37

5. Prenatal behavior Neurons are present, not connected Prenatal reflexes strengthen neural connections –Sensory reflexes –Facial expressions –Response to sound and light

6. Prenatal development Genes and environment influence development

7. Genetic Sex Determination The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex. – The ova carries an X chromosome – The sperm sometimes carries an X and sometimes carries a Y chromosome.

8. Genetic Inheritance Additive genes Nonadditive (Dominant-recessive) genes

9. Environmental influence Teratogens –Outcomes –Timing of exposure –Predicting outcomes?

11. Newborn behavior Sensory behavior –Sight –Sound –Smell Reflexes - innate behaviors –Rooting –Crying –Palmer –Moro

12. Infancy - Childhood 0-12 years

13. Physical development Brain development –Neural connections –Motor development –Cognitive development

14. Cognitive development Thinking, remembering & intellectual capacity Based on experience Schemas –Assimilation –Accommodation

15. Cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development –Sensorimotor stage 0-2 years –Preoperational stage 2-6 years –Concrete operational stage 6-12 years –Formal operational stage 12 years-adult

16. Cognitive development Sensorimotor stage –Object permanence –Some abstract thought

17. Cognitive development Preoperational stage –Representational thought Imagination –Lacks logical thought Conservation –Obstacles to logical thought Egocentrism Centration Static reasoning Irreversibility –Theory of Mind

18. Cognitive development Concrete operational stage –Logical principles develop Classification Identity Reversibility –Lacks hypothetical thought

19. Cognitive development Formal operational stage –Reasoning abilities develop Abstract thought Hypothetical contemplation

20. Social development Attachment Development of bonds –Bodily contact and tactile comfort Harlow

21. Social development Development of bonds –Familiarity Lorenz’s imprinting studies Critical period Human bonding

22. Social development Attachment styles –Secure attachment –Ambivalent-insecure attachment –Avoidant-insecure attachment

23. Social development Parenting styles –Permissive parenting –Authoritarian parenting –Authoritative parenting

24. Adolescence - emerging adulthood Teens - mid-twenties

25. Physical development Onset of puberty –Gap between physical maturity and independence Release of hormones from hypothalamus –Weight –Height –Muscles

26. Physical development Sexual development –Primary sex structures Menarchy Spermarchy –Secondary sex structures Timing varies among individuals –Early developers –Late developers

27. Physical development Brain development continues –Frontal cortex Sleep and circadian rhythms

28. Cognitive development Formal operational thought –Abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning –Social awareness Adolescent thought patterns –What I am thinking Egocentric thought –What others are thinking Imaginary audience –Ideal situations

29. Cognitive development Intuitive thought Analytical thought –Together support adolescent ideals and passions

30. Cognitive development Kohlberg’s development of moral reasoning –Preconventional morality –Conventional morality –Postconventional morality Varies based on culture and gender

31. Social development Identity formation –Solidification of beliefs –Multiple selves Acceptable false self Pleasing false self Experimental false self

32. Social development Parents –Generation gap –Conflict Peers –Friendship –Peer-pressure –Romantic attraction Sequence of attraction Cultural variables

33. Social development Emerging adulthood (18-25 years) –Independence is delayed –Parents are the main source of support

34. Adulthood Biopsychosocial development continues until death

35. Physical development Physical performance - peaks and declines –Motor abilities –Sensory abilities Reproductive capacity –Females –Males

36. Cognitive development Brain function slows –Cognitive abilities diminish with age May be prevented with exercise! –Fluid intelligence Memory declines –Recall memory vs. recognition memory –Crystallized intelligence

37. Social development Social clock –Culturally determined

38. Social development List 5 of your own major accomplishments. List 5 of your own major goals. Count how many from both lists are related to relationships and career.

39. Social development “A healthy adult is one who can love and work” - Freud Adulthood is characterized by commitments –Love –Work

40. Social development Love and intimacy –Gateways to attraction Attractiveness Availability Absence of exclusion criteria Frequent exposure –Romantic relationships are based on: Passion Intimacy Commitment

41. Social development Work and productivity Two major sources of generativity in adulthood: –Work –Parenthood